Did you know that facial hair can be used to mark out groups within a particular population? This is just one of the fascinating academic concepts explored in a recent video clip. While beards may not have a clear survival benefit, they can help men look more dominant and masculine, which ties into male-male competition. Interestingly, a man with a highly masculinized, dominant-looking bone structure can actually soften that and look more caring by growing a fuller beard. Additionally, costly signaling theory suggests that growing and maintaining a beard can be used as a visible symbol of commitment to a group or ideology. By learning more about these academic concepts, you can gain a deeper understanding of human evolution and social dynamics. Plus, as an added bonus, you'll have some interesting facts to impress your friends with!

Explore the fascinating history and cultural significance of chili peppers, from their origins in Mexico to their global popularity today. Discover how their spiciness is linked to antimicrobial properties, personality traits, and regional identities, and how even color perception is shaped by culture. As an anthropologist, the author is interested in how culture shapes our senses, and this article offers a unique perspective on the complex relationship between humans and food.

What really happens when we reach for our favourite comfort foods? Is it really about solace and familiar flavours or is there more to it? Research uncovering some surprising contradictions might just change your perception of comfort food forever. People may turn to different types of comfort food depending on their mood, with some foods providing psychological benefits and others merely offering temporary pleasure. By understanding the nuances of comfort food, we may be able to make more informed choices about what we eat when seeking comfort.

Do you ever find yourself wondering about different cultures, traditions, and beliefs of people around the world? Are you interested in the evolution of human societies and how they interact with each other? If you are, then a career in Anthropology might just be the perfect fit for you. Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. It encompasses a wide range of topics such as cultural, biological, and linguistic anthropology. The discipline seeks to understand the complexity of human life through the integration of various approaches and perspectives. As an anthropologist, you could study and work in a variety of exciting and meaningful roles. You might work with Indigenous communities to understand their cultural practices, conduct archaeological digs to uncover ancient civilizations, or collaborate with government agencies to develop policies that promote social justice. In your role as an anthropologist, you might work on interdisciplinary teams to solve complex social and environmental problems. You could collaborate with a diverse range of people such as historians, geologists, sociologists, and biologists to explore questions and challenges of global significance. Typical duties of an anthropologist might include conducting field research, analyzing data, writing reports and publications, and presenting findings to diverse audiences. You might specialize in a specific area of anthropology, such as medical anthropology, applied anthropology, or forensic anthropology. Alternatively, you might pursue a related field, such as sociology, psychology, or international development. To pursue a career in anthropology, you will typically need a degree in the field, such as a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science in Anthropology. Some universities also offer specializations or majors in specific areas of anthropology, such as Archaeology or Linguistic Anthropology. Further education, such as a master's or doctoral degree, may be required for some specialized roles. Helpful personal attributes for a career in anthropology include curiosity, critical thinking, strong communication skills, and a desire to understand and appreciate different cultures and perspectives. Job prospects for anthropologists are strong, with many exciting opportunities available in both public and private sectors around the world. Potential employers include government agencies, non-profit organizations, museums, universities, and research institutes. Some notable employers in the field include the Smithsonian Institution, National Geographic Society, and the United Nations.

Are you fascinated by the complexity of human behavior? Do you enjoy exploring the reasons behind why people think and act the way they do? If so, a career in Behavioral Sciences may be just the path for you! Behavioral Sciences is a field that encompasses a range of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, and anthropology, among others. It involves studying human behavior, emotions, and thought processes to better understand how individuals interact with the world around them. As a Behavioral Scientist, you could work in a variety of roles, from conducting research to developing interventions that help people overcome challenges in their lives. For example, you could work as a counselor, helping individuals overcome addiction or mental health issues. Alternatively, you could work as a researcher, studying the effects of social media on mental health or the impact of trauma on the brain. Typical duties in the field of Behavioral Sciences include conducting research, analyzing data, and developing interventions or treatment plans. Some common areas of specialization within the field include clinical psychology, social work, and public health. To pursue a career in Behavioral Sciences, you'll typically need at least a bachelor's degree in a related field, such as psychology or sociology. Popular undergraduate programs and majors include Psychology, Sociology, and Social Work. Helpful personal attributes for a career in Behavioral Sciences include strong communication skills, empathy, and an ability to think critically and analytically. You'll also need to be comfortable working with people from diverse backgrounds and be able to adapt to changing situations. Job prospects in the field of Behavioral Sciences are strong, with a growing demand for professionals who can help individuals and communities overcome a range of challenges. Potential employers include government agencies, non-profit organizations, and private corporations. Notable employers in the field include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the World Health Organization. In summary, a career in Behavioral Sciences offers a fascinating and rewarding path for individuals who are passionate about understanding human behavior and making a positive impact in the world. With a range of potential roles and specializations, there's no shortage of opportunities to explore in this exciting field.

Are you curious about what motivates people to be good? A recent study from Washington University in St. Louis explores the surprising reasons why some people make the effort to be more moral. The study found that many people are motivated to become more moral for self-serving reasons, but they also see potential value in being fairer and more compassionate. Read the full article to learn more about the study's findings and gain insights into your own motivations for moral behavior.

Octavia Butler's work has transformed science fiction by creating diverse characters for diverse audiences. Her novels explore dilemmas that keep us awake at night, such as discrimination on the basis of race, gender, class, or ability. Butler's writing invites readers to contemplate these issues in new contexts, such as near-future California, ruined by corporate greed, inequality, and environmental destruction in "Parable of the Sower." Her work frequently incorporates contemporary news, making it prescient and relevant. Butler's stories of time travel, founding new societies, and interspecies bonding have had a profound influence on the growing popularity of Afrofuturism. Through her work, Butler shows that imagination is not only for planting the seeds of science fiction but also a strategy for surviving an unjust world on one's terms. By exploring these concepts, students can gain a deeper understanding of the world around them and be inspired to create change.

When it comes to understanding human behaviour and development, the debate between nature and nurture has been ongoing for centuries. Nature refers to the genetic or biological factors that determine our physical and psychological traits, while nurture refers to the environmental and social factors that shape our experiences and behaviours. One key concept in this debate is genetic essentialism, which posits that genes are the primary determinants of our behaviour and characteristics. This belief has been challenged by research in epigenetics, which shows that environmental factors can influence gene expression. Leading academic Steven Pinker argues that genes and environment interact in complex ways, with genes providing a blueprint for our development and environment shaping that blueprint. On the other hand, Judith Rich Harris suggests that peer groups and socialisation play a bigger role in shaping behaviour than genes. Real-life examples of the nature vs. nurture debate can be found in studies of twins separated at birth, which show that they often share similarities in behaviour and personality despite growing up in different environments. Other studies have found that certain environmental factors, such as poverty or exposure to trauma, can have a significant impact on physical and mental health outcomes. So, are we bound by our genes? The answer is not a simple one. While genes play a role in our development, they do not determine our fate. Rather, our behaviour and characteristics are shaped by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. In conclusion, the nature vs. nurture debate has captivated academics and laypeople alike for centuries. While genetic essentialism suggests that genes play a primary role in determining our behaviour and characteristics, research in epigenetics and socialization has revealed that environmental and social factors also play a crucial role. By exploring this topic through reading, reflection, and self-directed projects, students can develop their critical thinking skills and engage with cutting-edge research at the intersection of psychology, biology, and sociology.

Morality is a concept that has intrigued and confounded humans for centuries. At its core, it refers to the principles or values that guide human behavior and differentiate right from wrong. But what exactly makes an action moral or immoral? How do different cultures and societies define morality? What role do emotions and reason play in moral decision-making? These are some of the questions that continue to challenge and fascinate academics in the field of moral philosophy. One interesting fact about morality is that research suggests that it may be innate to humans. A study conducted with infants showed that even at a very young age, babies display a preference for characters who help others over those who hinder them. This suggests that a sense of morality may be hard-wired into our brains from birth. Another area of interest for moral philosophers is the role of emotions in moral decision-making. For example, the moral philosopher Jonathan Haidt has argued that emotions such as disgust and empathy play a crucial role in shaping our moral judgments. He has proposed a theory of moral foundations, which suggests that there are several innate moral instincts that guide human behavior, including care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, sanctity/degradation, and liberty/oppression. Academic terms and concepts relevant to the study of morality include deontology, consequentialism, virtue ethics, and moral relativism. Deontology is a moral theory that emphasizes the intrinsic value of certain actions, regardless of their consequences. Consequentialism, on the other hand, evaluates the morality of actions based on their outcomes. Virtue ethics focuses on the character traits that lead to moral behavior, while moral relativism holds that morality is relative to the culture or society in which it is practiced. One leading academic in the field of morality is Peter Singer, who is best known for his work on animal rights and effective altruism. Singer's influential book "Animal Liberation" argues that animals have moral value and should be treated with the same respect and consideration as humans. He has also written extensively on the concept of effective altruism, which involves using reason and evidence to determine the most effective ways to help others. Remember, exploring academic topics independently can be a rewarding and enriching experience. Don't be afraid to ask questions, challenge assumptions, and seek out diverse perspectives. Happy exploring!

"Dune" by Frank Herbert is a novel that takes place in a far-flung future where humanity rules the stars in a giant feudal empire. Unlike most interstellar sci-fi, Herbert's humans conquered the stars without any computers. Following an ancient war with robots, humanity has forbidden the construction of any machine "in the likeness of a human mind." This edict forced humans to evolve in startling ways, becoming biological computers, psychic witches, and prescient space pilots. Members of these super-powered factions are regularly employed by various noble houses, all competing for power and new planets to add to their kingdoms. "Dune" is not only a story of political intrigue but also a complex ecosystem, where every element works together to produce the planet's essential export. Herbert's world-building also includes a rich web of philosophy and religion. The book is an epic story that spans millennia and is a must-read for anyone interested in science fiction, politics, ecology, and philosophy.

Are you interested in understanding how historical trauma and stress can affect your mental health and physical well-being? Look no further than UC Berkeley's recently hired assistant professor of biological anthropology, Andrew Kim. In a study published in The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Kim and colleagues found that prenatal exposure to discrimination and violence during South Africa's apartheid regime predicted mental health problems among children born to younger mothers and youngsters whose households were particularly stressful. Kim's work is part of a fast-growing research field, intergenerational trauma, that is uncovering how large-scale trauma from atrocities has a ripple effect in families decades later. Don't miss out on this fascinating and important research!

Do you have a passion for understanding human behaviour and how it impacts society? If so, a career in social psychology may be the perfect fit for you! Social psychology is an exciting field that focuses on how individuals interact with one another and how their actions affect society as a whole. As a social psychologist, you'll be involved in a variety of interesting and meaningful tasks. You'll conduct research studies to better understand social phenomena, such as prejudice and discrimination, and develop interventions to address them. You'll also work with individuals and groups to help them improve their relationships and interactions with others. There are many different areas of specialisation within social psychology, including health psychology, educational psychology, and organisational psychology. Social psychologists also work in related fields, such as market research and advertising. To become a social psychologist, you'll typically need a graduate degree in psychology or a related field. However, there are many undergraduate programs and majors that can prepare you for this career, including psychology, sociology, and anthropology. In addition to a strong educational background, there are several personal attributes that can be helpful in this field. These include strong communication skills, an analytical mind, and a passion for helping others. Job prospects for social psychologists are strong, with opportunities available in both the public and private sectors. Many notable employers in this field include government agencies, non-profit organisations, and research institutions. For example, the World Health Organization and the United Nations both employ social psychologists to help address a variety of global issues. Overall, a career in social psychology can be both rewarding and fulfilling. If you're interested in understanding human behaviour and making a positive impact on society, this may be the perfect career for you!

Are you fascinated by human behavior, why we think and act the way we do? Are you intrigued by the complexities of the human mind and how it shapes our interactions with others? If so, then studying Behavioral Sciences at university may be just the thing for you! Behavioral Sciences is an interdisciplinary field of study that combines psychology, sociology, anthropology, and other related disciplines to understand and explain human behavior. At its core, this field of study focuses on understanding the complex interactions between individuals, groups, and society. One interesting aspect of Behavioral Sciences is that it is a very applied field. For example, behavioral scientists work with businesses to improve employee performance and job satisfaction, help law enforcement agencies understand criminal behavior, and collaborate with healthcare providers to develop effective treatments for mental illnesses. There have been some fascinating research studies in the field of Behavioral Sciences that have changed the way we understand and interact with each other. One example is the "Stanford Prison Experiment" conducted by psychologist Philip Zimbardo in 1971, which demonstrated how easily people can be influenced by authority figures and how power can corrupt individuals. Another example is the "Milgram Experiment," which investigated the extent to which people are willing to obey authority figures even if it means harming others. Academic figures such as Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky, and Richard Thaler have also made significant contributions to the field through their work on cognitive biases and decision-making processes. Their work has been instrumental in shaping the way we understand human behavior in various contexts, from economic decision-making to everyday interactions. At the undergraduate level, students can major in a range of disciplines within Behavioral Sciences, such as Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology. These majors provide a solid foundation for a variety of career paths, from social work and counseling to law enforcement and public policy. Students can also specialize in more specific areas of study such as neuropsychology, forensic psychology, or organizational behavior. As a graduate, there are numerous potential careers to explore. A degree in Behavioral Sciences can lead to careers in healthcare, social work, human resources, market research, education, and many other fields. Potential employers include non-profit organizations, government agencies, hospitals, schools, research institutions, and private businesses. For example, well-known employers in the field include the World Health Organization, the United Nations, Google, and the National Institutes of Health. To succeed in this field, you need a combination of personal attributes, skills, and subject interests. These include strong critical thinking and analytical skills, excellent communication and interpersonal skills, empathy and understanding, and a genuine interest in human behavior and social dynamics.

"Have you ever wondered what drives someone to commit a crime? What goes through the mind of a murderer? And what kind of society breeds such people?" These are the questions that Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky explores in his classic novel, "Crime and Punishment." Through the story of a young law student who commits a heinous act, Dostoyevsky delves into complex themes of morality, social critique, and the human psyche. As you read, you will be transported to the underbelly of 19th-century Saint Petersburg and introduced to a cast of characters whose moral innocence stands in stark contrast to the depravity of those around them. But beyond the thrilling plot, "Crime and Punishment" offers a deeper understanding of the human condition and the consequences of our actions. By exploring these themes, you will gain valuable insights into the complexities of human behavior and the world around us.

Disgust is a universal emotion that serves a vital purpose in human survival. This complex emotion can protect us from harmful substances and dangerous situations. But where did this emotion come from, and how did it evolve? One theory suggests that disgust evolved as a protective mechanism against infectious diseases. For example, our ancestors who avoided eating rotten or contaminated food were less likely to contract deadly illnesses. As a result, the disgust response became ingrained in our brains and bodies as a way to protect ourselves. But what happens when disgust becomes a phobia? A phobia is an irrational and persistent fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. For example, arachnophobia is a fear of spiders, and mysophobia is a fear of germs. While these fears may seem irrational, they can also be traced back to our evolutionary past. One leading academic in the field of disgust is Valerie Curtis, a Professor of Hygiene at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Curtis has dedicated her career to understanding the psychological and cultural aspects of hygiene and cleanliness. In her book, "Don't Look, Don't Touch: The Science Behind Revulsion," Curtis argues that disgust is not just a physical response, but also a cultural and social construct. Another academic, Paul Rozin, a Professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, has studied the cross-cultural nature of disgust. Rozin found that certain types of disgust, such as the disgust for animal products, are not universal but are instead shaped by cultural and religious beliefs. In conclusion, disgust may be an uncomfortable emotion, but it is also a crucial one for our survival. By understanding the evolutionary roots of disgust and its role in our lives, we can better appreciate this complex emotion and use it to our advantage.

Are you a good listener? Do you enjoy helping others overcome their challenges? If so, a career in counselling could be the perfect fit for you! Counselling is a field that involves helping individuals overcome personal and emotional challenges. Whether it's working with individuals, couples, or families, counsellors play a crucial role in helping people navigate difficult times in their lives. One of the most appealing aspects of counselling is the ability to make a real difference in people's lives. Imagine helping a couple save their marriage, or helping a teenager overcome depression and anxiety. These are just a few examples of the meaningful and inspiring work that counsellors do every day. In terms of typical duties, counsellors may provide individual or group therapy, conduct assessments, and develop treatment plans. There are also many areas of specialisation within counselling, such as addiction counselling, marriage and family therapy, and career counselling. To become a counsellor, you'll typically need a bachelor's degree in psychology or a related field, followed by a master's degree in counselling. Some popular undergraduate programs and majors include psychology, social work, and sociology. In addition to education and training, there are several helpful personal attributes that can make you successful in this field. These include strong communication skills, empathy, and the ability to establish trust with clients. Job prospects for counsellors are strong, with employment projected to grow faster than average over the next decade. There are also a broad range of potential employers, including hospitals, schools, government agencies, and private practices. Notable employers in this field include the Mayo Clinic, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and the American Counseling Association. Overall, a career in counselling can be both rewarding and fulfilling. If you're passionate about helping others and making a difference in people's lives, then this could be the perfect career for you!

Are you interested in helping people overcome challenges and lead fulfilling lives? If so, the study of Counselling may be the perfect fit for you! Counselling is a field that focuses on helping individuals and groups navigate through personal, social, and emotional difficulties. It incorporates a range of interesting and meaningful aspects, including psychology, sociology, and communication. In recent years, there have been many exciting research findings and innovations in the field of Counselling. For example, the use of technology in therapy has become increasingly popular, with virtual counselling sessions and online support groups. Additionally, academic discourse has explored topics such as the role of cultural identity in counselling and the importance of mindfulness practices in therapy. At the undergraduate level, typical majors and modules include courses on counselling theories, techniques, and ethics. Students may also have the opportunity to specialize in areas such as addiction counselling, marriage and family therapy, or trauma counselling. The potential career paths for those studying Counselling are vast and varied. Graduates may find themselves working as school counsellors, career counsellors, or mental health therapists. Other popular career paths include social work, human resources, and non-profit management. Notable employers in the field of Counselling include the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK, the American Counseling Association, and the United Nations. To succeed in the field of Counselling, it is important to have strong communication skills, empathy, and an interest in helping others. A background in psychology or sociology may also be helpful. Overall, the study of Counselling offers a rewarding and fulfilling career path for those who are passionate about helping others. Are you ready to make a difference in people's lives? Consider studying Counselling at university!

Are you interested in helping people navigate through the complexities of relationships and family dynamics? If so, then you might want to consider studying Marriage and Family Therapy. This field of study is all about understanding and improving relationships between individuals, couples, and families. Marriage and Family Therapy is a fascinating field that combines psychology, sociology, and counselling. It is a field that is constantly evolving and adapting to the changing needs of society. For example, did you know that Marriage and Family Therapists are now using technology to provide online therapy sessions to clients all over the world? This is just one example of how this field is innovating to meet the needs of people. One of the most appealing aspects of studying Marriage and Family Therapy is the opportunity to make a real difference in people's lives. As a Marriage and Family Therapist, you will be able to help individuals and families overcome challenges and improve their relationships. For example, you might help a couple who is struggling with communication issues to learn how to communicate more effectively. Or, you might help a family who is dealing with a difficult situation to come together and support each other. There are many well-known academic figures in the field of Marriage and Family Therapy, such as John Gottman and Sue Johnson. These individuals have made significant contributions to the field through their research and innovations. For example, Gottman is known for his research on the predictors of divorce and his development of the Gottman Method of Couples Therapy. At the undergraduate level, students typically take courses in psychology, sociology, and counselling. Some of the modules that students might take include Family Systems Theory, Couples Therapy, and Child and Adolescent Therapy. There are also opportunities for further specialisation in areas such as Sex Therapy or Divorce Mediation. After completing a degree in Marriage and Family Therapy, there are many potential career paths available. Some of the most popular roles include Marriage and Family Therapist, Couples Therapist, and Family Counsellor. Key industries for prospective future employment include healthcare, social services, and education. Some notable and attractive potential employers include the National Health Service (NHS), private practice clinics, and non-profit organisations. To succeed in this field of study, it is important to have excellent communication skills, empathy, and an interest in helping others. Students should also have a strong background in psychology, sociology, and counselling. If you are interested in making a real difference in people's lives and improving relationships, then studying Marriage and Family Therapy might be the perfect fit for you.

Group singing, dancing, and chanting have been found to have a profound effect on how people think and feel. Psychologists have discovered that collective behaviour like chanting has the remarkable effect of making us feel connected to one another. It is a way to express social identity and the values of that group. While football chants can be rude, offensive, or even racist, they can also endorse more positive values. Chanting at a football match doesn’t just bond a group together in love and harmony; there is a dark side to coordinated behaviour. Coordinated behaviours can lower people's sense of personal autonomy and make them more likely to be obedient to aggressive action. Chanting is also an ancient technology used to record knowledge. By exploring these academic concepts, you can learn how group behaviour can affect your mood and social identity, and how it has been used throughout history to encode and share cultural knowledge.

Chocolate, a food loved by many, has a rich history dating back 2,500 years. The Mayans and Aztecs consumed chocolate as a drink and used its beans as currency and in ceremonies. When the Spanish invaded and colonized the areas where it was found, they adopted it for their own use, and it slowly spread to other European countries. Chocolate was considered a rich person's beverage, imbued with health and spiritual properties, and was even claimed to be an aphrodisiac. Today, chocolate has become polarized, from cheap, sugary stuff to high-end black bars of joy. Early studies suggest that small doses of very dark chocolate, rich in anti-oxidants, theobromine, and caffeine, may have health benefits. Learning about the history and science behind chocolate can be both intellectually stimulating and practically beneficial to our health.