Alcohol-related liver disease has become the leading indication for liver transplant, but current guidelines penalize patients who struggle with addiction. Harvard Medical School student John Messinger discusses his paper on improving equity in liver transplants and the need for change in eligibility requirements.

Nursing is not just a profession, it's a calling. It's the art and science of caring for people, improving their health, and enhancing their quality of life. Whether you're drawn to the fast-paced environment of a hospital, the challenge of working in a community clinic, or the opportunity to make a difference in the lives of patients and their families, nursing is a career with endless possibilities. The field of nursing is constantly evolving, with new research and innovations emerging all the time. From breakthroughs in cancer treatment to advances in surgical techniques, nurses are at the forefront of healthcare. Notable academic figures such as Florence Nightingale, Clara Barton, and Mary Eliza Mahoney have made significant contributions to the field, and their legacy continues to inspire new generations of nurses. At the undergraduate level, students can expect to take courses in anatomy and physiology, pharmacology, and patient care. They may also have opportunities to specialize in areas such as pediatrics, geriatrics, or critical care. Real-life examples of specializations include neonatal nursing, emergency nursing, and mental health nursing, among others. The potential for future jobs and roles in nursing is vast. Graduates can work in hospitals, clinics, schools, and community health centers, among other settings. They may also choose to pursue advanced degrees and specialize in areas such as nurse anesthetist, nurse practitioner, or nurse educator. Notable employers in the nursing field include the Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Kaiser Permanente. To succeed in nursing, individuals should possess strong communication skills, empathy, and a passion for helping others. They should also have a keen attention to detail and the ability to work well under pressure. If you're considering a career in nursing, you'll be joining a profession that is both challenging and rewarding, with countless opportunities to make a positive impact on the world.

Are you interested in medicine and drug research? A Yale-led study published in JAMA Network Open reveals that new medicines and vaccines approved by the FDA are often not available in the countries that hosted their clinical trials, raising concerns about equitable distribution of research benefits. The study analyzed 563 trials for which location data was available and found that only 15% of the drugs were approved in every country that hosted trials. Access was lowest in Africa, where none of the drugs were available anywhere except in South Africa. Read more about the study from Yale University to learn about the researchers' recommendations for making drug research more equitable.

Are you fascinated by the human body and its inner workings? Do you have a passion for helping others and making a meaningful impact on people's lives? Then a career in Medicine might be just what you're looking for! Medicine is a field of study that encompasses everything from the smallest cells to the largest organ systems, with a focus on understanding and treating diseases and injuries. It's a challenging and rewarding career that requires a lot of hard work and dedication, but the potential rewards are enormous. Some of the most exciting developments in Medicine today are in the areas of genomics, personalized medicine, and regenerative medicine. Researchers are exploring new ways to use genetics to diagnose and treat diseases, while also developing new treatments that can regenerate damaged tissues and organs. One of the many inspiring figures in Medicine is Dr. Paul Farmer, who has dedicated his life to providing healthcare to some of the world's poorest communities. He founded Partners in Health, an organization that has helped to bring lifesaving medical care to millions of people around the world. At the undergraduate level, students typically study a range of subjects including anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology. They also gain practical experience through clinical rotations and internships. Some students may choose to specialize in areas such as surgery, pediatrics, or oncology. There are many potential career paths for those who study Medicine, including roles as physicians, surgeons, researchers, and healthcare administrators. Some of the most notable employers in this field include the World Health Organization, Doctors Without Borders, and the Mayo Clinic. To succeed in Medicine, it's important to have a strong foundation in science and math, as well as excellent communication and problem-solving skills. A genuine passion for helping others and a commitment to lifelong learning are also essential. If you're ready to embark on an exciting and rewarding career in Medicine, there's no better time to start exploring your options!

Did you know that the introduction of the 'sugary drinks tax' in England has led to a drop in obesity cases among older primary school girls? According to researchers from the University of Cambridge, the tax was associated with an 8% reduction in obesity levels in year six girls, preventing an estimated 5,000 cases per year. Find out more about how this tax is helping to tackle childhood obesity in the UK.

Did you know that the human brain is made up of over 100 billion nerve cells and weighs only three pounds? Yet, this small, intricate organ is responsible for everything from controlling our body's movements to processing our emotions and thoughts. That's where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) comes in. This powerful technology uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain's structure and function, helping researchers and clinicians better understand how the brain works. One of the most exciting applications of MRI is in the field of neuroscience. By analyzing brain activity and connectivity, researchers are unlocking new insights into conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and schizophrenia. For example, a team of researchers from the University of California, San Francisco used MRI to study the brains of people with depression and found that certain brain circuits were overactive, leading to negative thoughts and emotions. This discovery could pave the way for new, targeted treatments for depression. Another study, led by Dr. Martha Shenton of Harvard Medical School, used MRI to analyze the brains of people with schizophrenia. They found that certain brain regions were smaller in those with the condition, suggesting that the disease affects brain development and structure. But MRI isn't just for researchers. Doctors also use this technology to diagnose and treat a variety of conditions. For example, an MRI can help detect brain tumors, identify the cause of seizures, and monitor the progress of multiple sclerosis. By delving into the exciting world of MRI and neuroscience, you can gain a better understanding of how the brain works and the potential impact of this technology on our health and wellbeing.

Healthcare delivery has come a long way in recent years, thanks to innovative solutions that have transformed the industry. In the past, the focus was on treating illnesses and diseases, rather than preventing them. However, this approach is changing, with a growing emphasis on personalized care, preventive medicine, and patient-centered approaches. One of the key ways that healthcare delivery is being transformed is through technology. For example, the use of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is now widespread, allowing for seamless sharing of patient information between healthcare providers. This technology is particularly useful in emergency situations when time is of the essence, and accurate information can save lives. Another area of innovation is the use of telemedicine. This technology allows patients to connect with their healthcare providers remotely, whether it's through video chat, phone calls, or text messages. This approach is particularly useful for patients who live in rural areas or who have mobility issues that make it difficult to visit a healthcare provider in person. In addition, advances in genetic testing and precision medicine are allowing healthcare providers to develop personalized treatment plans for their patients. This approach is particularly useful for patients with complex medical conditions, who may require individualized care that differs from traditional treatment methods. Leading academics in this field include Dr. Eric Topol, a renowned cardiologist and digital medicine expert, who has advocated for the use of wearable technology to monitor patient health, and Dr. Atul Gawande, a surgeon, and author who has been a prominent voice in the movement towards patient-centered care. As you can see, there are many exciting opportunities to explore the world of healthcare delivery. With innovation and creativity, there's no limit to what you can achieve!

Have you ever been curious about what goes on inside the human body? Do you have a passion for helping others and a desire to work in the healthcare industry? If so, a career as a Sonographer might be the perfect fit for you! As a Sonographer, you will be responsible for using high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs, tissues, and blood flow within the body. This non-invasive imaging technique is used to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions, from pregnancy to cancer. One of the most appealing aspects of this career is the opportunity to make a meaningful impact on the lives of others. By providing accurate and detailed images, Sonographers play a crucial role in helping doctors and other healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care. In addition to the rewarding nature of the work, Sonographers also enjoy a diverse range of duties and specializations. Some Sonographers specialize in obstetrics and gynecology, working closely with expectant mothers to monitor the health and development of their babies. Others work in cardiovascular imaging, using ultrasound to diagnose and treat conditions such as heart disease. To become a Sonographer, you will need to complete a specialized training program, typically at the associate or bachelor's degree level. Popular undergraduate programs for aspiring Sonographers include Diagnostic Medical Sonography, Radiologic Technology, and Cardiovascular Technology. In addition to formal education, Sonographers should possess a number of helpful personal attributes, including strong communication skills, attention to detail, and the ability to work well under pressure. Job prospects for Sonographers are strong, with employment opportunities available in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, and private practices. Notable employers in this field include the Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, and Johns Hopkins Hospital. So, if you're looking for a career that combines your passion for healthcare with cutting-edge technology and the opportunity to make a real difference in the lives of others, consider becoming a Sonographer!

In "The Neuroscientist Who Lost Her Mind," author Lipska takes readers on a journey through her own brain, as she battles metastatic melanoma and experiences symptoms of mental disorders such as schizophrenia. With her scientific knowledge, Lipska is able to identify the changes in her brain during treatment, providing a unique perspective on the intersection of neuroscience and cancer. Her memoir is a testament to the power of strength, courage, and a supportive network in the face of illness. Recommended for those interested in neuroscience, cancer research, and mental health, "The Neuroscientist Who Lost Her Mind" offers a unique perspective on the impact of cancer on the brain. Lipska's personal experience highlights the importance of a strong support system and the resilience of the human brain. This memoir will be particularly relevant to those in the medical field, as well as patients and caregivers dealing with cancer and its effects on the mind and body.

Do you have a passion for helping people recover from injuries or illnesses? Are you interested in the human body and how it moves? If so, then a career in Physical Therapy might be the perfect fit for you! Physical Therapy is a field of study that focuses on helping individuals regain movement and function in their bodies after an injury or illness. This field is constantly evolving, with new research and innovations being made every day. Did you know that Physical Therapy can even help athletes improve their performance and prevent injuries? One of the most inspiring aspects of Physical Therapy is the real-life impact it has on people's lives. For example, a Physical Therapist might work with a stroke patient to help them regain their ability to walk and talk. Or, they might work with an injured athlete to help them get back on the field. Some notable academic figures in the field of Physical Therapy include Dr. Shirley Sahrmann, who has made significant contributions to the understanding of movement impairments, and Dr. Michael Johnson, who has developed innovative techniques for treating spinal cord injuries. At the undergraduate level, typical majors and modules in Physical Therapy include anatomy, physiology, kinesiology, and biomechanics. Students can then specialize in areas such as sports medicine, pediatrics, or geriatrics. For example, a Physical Therapist who specializes in sports medicine might work with a professional sports team to prevent and treat injuries. There are a wide range of potential future jobs and roles in Physical Therapy. Some examples include working in a hospital or clinic, working in a school or sports team, or even starting your own private practice. Notable employers in this field include the Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. To succeed in Physical Therapy, it's important to have excellent communication skills, as well as a strong knowledge of anatomy and physiology. A passion for helping others and a desire to constantly learn and grow are also important attributes for success in this field. In summary, Physical Therapy is an exciting and rewarding field of study that offers a wide range of career opportunities. Whether you're interested in working with athletes, children, or the elderly, there is something for everyone in this field. So why not explore this fascinating field further and see where it takes you?

For decades, the mechanism of anesthesia has been a mystery. But thanks to Professor Emery Brown and his team, anesthesia is now being used as a powerful tool to study the human brain. By modulating brain chemistry, they hope to uncover new insights into depression, insomnia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and even the mystery of consciousness itself. Anesthesia is not just for surgery anymore.

Are you interested in pursuing a career that enables you to make a difference in people's lives while helping them? The field of surgery may be the ideal fit for you! Surgeons are highly skilled medical professionals responsible for performing operations to cure and treat a wide range of diseases and injuries. Let's delve deeper into what it takes to build a career in surgery. As a surgeon, your primary responsibility is to perform surgeries and other medical procedures to diagnose and treat various ailments and conditions. You'll be working with patients of all ages, from infants to the elderly, in several specializations, including neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, plastic surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, and more. One of the most compelling aspects of a career in surgery is the chance to have a significant and long-lasting impact on people's lives. For example, as a neurosurgeon, you can perform life-saving brain surgeries, while as a plastic surgeon, you can help boost someone's confidence and self-esteem by fixing their physical defects. To become a surgeon, you'll need to earn a medical degree, complete a residency program, and get a state license. The entire process of education and training may take up to 14 years, including undergraduate studies in biology, chemistry, or pre-med. Excellent manual dexterity, communication and interpersonal skills, and the ability to work under pressure are essential qualities for success in this field. Attention to detail, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills are equally vital. The job prospects and long-term outlook for surgeons are favorable, with an expected job growth of 4% over the next decade. Surgeons are in high demand worldwide, with hospitals, private clinics, research institutions, and government agencies being some of the potential employers. Numerous top-notch organizations are looking for talented surgeons to join their teams, including the Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Cleveland Clinic in the USA, the Royal London Hospital in the UK, and St. Vincent's Hospital in Australia. In conclusion, if you're looking for a fulfilling and exciting career that allows you to make a difference in people's lives while working in a challenging and rewarding field, surgery may be the perfect career path for you. Take the time to explore this field further and see if it's the right choice for you!

Have you ever heard of a career in Acupuncture? If you're interested in alternative medicine and helping people feel their best, this might be the perfect career for you. Acupuncturists are trained professionals who use thin needles to stimulate specific points on the body. This practice is based on the belief that the body has a natural flow of energy, and that by restoring this flow, we can promote healing and well-being. As an Acupuncturist, you'll work with patients to develop treatment plans that address their specific health concerns. You might focus on pain management, stress relief, or other issues like insomnia or digestive problems. You'll also need to have a deep understanding of anatomy and physiology, as well as an appreciation for the mind-body connection. One of the most appealing aspects of this career is the opportunity to work with a wide variety of patients. You might work with athletes, pregnant women, cancer patients, or anyone who is looking to improve their overall health and wellness. You'll also have the opportunity to specialize in areas like fertility or sports medicine, depending on your interests and expertise. To become an Acupuncturist, you'll need to complete a graduate program in acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine. Many programs require a bachelor's degree in a related field, such as biology or psychology. You'll also need to be licensed in your state, which typically requires passing an exam and completing a certain number of hours of clinical practice. In addition to technical skills, there are a few personal attributes that can make you a great Acupuncturist. You'll need to be a good listener, with a compassionate and empathetic bedside manner. You'll also need to be patient and detail-oriented, as each patient's treatment plan will be unique and require careful attention. As for job prospects, the outlook for Acupuncturists is strong. Many private practices and wellness centers are looking for skilled practitioners, and there is also demand in hospitals and other medical settings. Some notable employers in this field include the Cleveland Clinic, the Mayo Clinic, and the National Institutes of Health. So if you're looking for a career that combines your passion for helping others with a deep understanding of the human body and mind, consider becoming an Acupuncturist. It's a rewarding and fulfilling path that can make a real difference in people's lives.

Are you fascinated by the human body and how it functions? Do you have a passion for science and medicine? If so, then studying Pathology at the undergraduate level may be the perfect fit for you. Pathology is the study of disease, specifically how diseases affect the body and how they can be diagnosed and treated. This field of study incorporates aspects of anatomy, physiology, microbiology, and immunology, making it a truly interdisciplinary subject. By studying Pathology, you will gain a comprehensive understanding of how diseases develop and how they can be treated, which is essential for the advancement of modern medicine. One of the most interesting aspects of Pathology is the constant innovation and research within the field. From developing new treatments for cancer to understanding the mechanisms of infectious diseases, Pathology is at the forefront of medical research. Some of the most inspiring academic discourse has come from figures such as Dr. Anthony Fauci, who has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS and COVID-19. At the undergraduate level, you will typically take courses in general pathology, microbiology, and immunology, among others. You may also have the opportunity to specialize in areas such as forensic pathology or molecular pathology. For example, you could study how forensic pathologists use their knowledge of pathology to help solve crimes or how molecular pathology is used to diagnose and treat cancer. The potential careers in Pathology are diverse and exciting. You could work as a pathologist, diagnosing diseases and helping to develop new treatments. Or, you could work in research, developing new treatments or studying the mechanisms of diseases. Some of the most notable employers in Pathology include the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and pharmaceutical companies such as Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson. To succeed in Pathology, you should have a strong interest in science and medicine, as well as excellent analytical and problem-solving skills. You should also have a keen eye for detail and be able to work well under pressure. In conclusion, studying Pathology at the undergraduate level is an excellent choice for anyone interested in science, medicine, and the human body. With its innovative research, exciting career opportunities, and interdisciplinary approach, Pathology is a field that is sure to inspire and challenge you.

Are you passionate about helping people? Do you have a desire to make a difference in the lives of others? If so, a career as a General Practitioner may be the perfect fit for you! General Practitioners, also known as family doctors or primary care physicians, are medical professionals who provide comprehensive healthcare services to patients of all ages. They are often the first point of contact for patients seeking medical attention and are responsible for diagnosing and treating a wide range of illnesses and injuries. One of the most appealing aspects of a career as a General Practitioner is the opportunity to develop long-term relationships with patients and their families. As a family doctor, you will have the chance to get to know your patients on a personal level and provide them with ongoing care throughout their lives. In addition to providing general medical care, General Practitioners may also choose to specialize in areas such as pediatrics, geriatrics, or sports medicine. This allows them to provide more specialized care to patients with specific needs. To become a General Practitioner, you will need to complete a Bachelor's degree in a relevant field such as biology, chemistry, or pre-med. After completing your undergraduate studies, you will then need to attend medical school and complete a residency program. In addition to formal education and training, there are several personal attributes that can be helpful for success in this field. These include strong communication skills, empathy, attention to detail, and a desire to continuously learn and improve. Job prospects for General Practitioners are strong, with a projected growth rate of 10% over the next decade. There are a wide range of potential employers in both the public and private sectors, including hospitals, clinics, and private practices. Notable employers include the National Health Service in the UK and Kaiser Permanente in the United States. So, if you're looking for a rewarding and fulfilling career in healthcare, consider becoming a General Practitioner. With the opportunity to make a real difference in the lives of your patients, it's a career that truly makes a difference.

Have you ever wondered what it takes to help people breathe easier? If so, a career as a Respiratory Therapist might just be the perfect fit for you! Respiratory Therapists are healthcare professionals who specialize in the treatment of patients with breathing problems, such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). As a Respiratory Therapist, you will play a pivotal role in helping patients with respiratory issues breathe more easily. You will work closely with doctors and other healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat respiratory problems, using a variety of techniques such as oxygen therapy, chest physiotherapy, and mechanical ventilation. One of the most appealing aspects of this career is the opportunity to work with a wide range of patients, from premature infants to elderly adults. You may also have the opportunity to specialize in areas such as neonatal care, critical care, or pulmonary rehabilitation. To become a Respiratory Therapist, you will need to complete a specialized training program, typically at the associate's or bachelor's degree level. Popular undergraduate majors for aspiring Respiratory Therapists include respiratory care, biology, and health sciences. In addition to a strong educational background, successful Respiratory Therapists possess a number of helpful personal attributes, such as strong communication skills, attention to detail, and a passion for helping others. The job outlook for Respiratory Therapists is strong, with a projected growth rate of 19% over the next decade. This means that there will be plenty of job opportunities available for qualified Respiratory Therapists in a variety of settings, from hospitals and clinics to long-term care facilities and home healthcare agencies. Notable employers in this field include major healthcare systems such as Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, and Kaiser Permanente, as well as government agencies such as the Veterans Health Administration and the Department of Defense. So if you're looking for a rewarding career in healthcare that allows you to make a real difference in the lives of others, consider becoming a Respiratory Therapist. Your skills and expertise will be in high demand, and you'll have the satisfaction of knowing that you're helping to improve the health and well-being of your patients every day.

Are you interested in a career that could help ease people's pain and make their medical procedures more comfortable? If so, then the study of Anesthesiology may be the perfect fit for you. Anesthesiology is the field of medicine that focuses on the administration of anesthesia to patients undergoing surgical procedures. This field is essential in ensuring that patients are comfortable during surgical procedures and that they wake up safely afterward. One of the most exciting aspects of Anesthesiology is the innovative research and academic discourse that is taking place in the field. There are many well-known academic figures who have made significant contributions to the field, such as Dr. Paul Barash, who is known for his work on the pharmacology of anesthesia. As an undergraduate student, you can expect to take courses in pharmacology, physiology, and anatomy. You will also gain hands-on experience in administering anesthesia, monitoring patients during procedures, and managing pain after surgery. After completing your undergraduate degree, there are many potential areas of specialization within Anesthesiology. For example, you may choose to focus on pediatric anesthesia, cardiac anesthesia, or pain management. The career opportunities in Anesthesiology are vast and varied. You may choose to work in a hospital setting, a surgical center, or a private practice. Some of the most notable potential employers include the Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital. To succeed in Anesthesiology, you will need to possess strong critical thinking skills, excellent attention to detail, and the ability to work well under pressure. You should also have a keen interest in medical science and the desire to make a positive impact on the lives of others. Overall, the study of Anesthesiology is a fascinating and rewarding field that offers a wide range of career opportunities. If you are interested in pursuing a career in medicine and making a difference in people's lives, then Anesthesiology may be the perfect fit for you.

A brisk walk for just 11 mins/day can reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, and cancer. Researchers from the University of Cambridge analyzed 196 peer-reviewed articles, covering more than 30 million participants to produce the largest analysis to date of the association between physical activity levels and risk of chronic diseases and premature death. The study found that even half the recommended amount of physical activity (75 mins/week) brought significant benefits. Discover how you can reduce your risk of chronic diseases and early death by incorporating just a little physical activity into your daily routine.

Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide and has been a subject of intense research for decades. Thanks to recent advances in cancer treatment, survival rates are on the rise, and more and more people are able to beat the disease. One of the key developments in cancer treatment has been the use of immunotherapy. This approach harnesses the power of the patient's own immune system to fight cancer cells. For example, the drug Keytruda, which was developed by three developers -- Hans van Eenennaam, John Dulos and Andrea van Elsas -- has been shown to be effective in treating several types of cancer, including melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. Another exciting development in cancer treatment is the use of precision medicine. This approach uses genetic information to tailor treatments to individual patients, increasing their effectiveness and reducing side effects. For example, the drug Gleevec, which was developed by Dr. Brian Druker, has revolutionized the treatment of certain types of cancer (such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases), leading to high cure rates in patients with this disease. Additionally, advances in radiation therapy have also played a major role in the fight against cancer. Today, more precise and targeted radiation treatments are available, reducing side effects and improving outcomes for patients. For example, proton therapy, which was developed by Elekta, uses beams of protons to precisely target cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissue.

The eradication of smallpox is one of the most significant events of the 20th century. It is up there with the moon landing. This achievement was made possible by the development of vaccines and the efforts of health workers worldwide. Learning about the history of smallpox and vaccination is not only intellectually stimulating but also practically relevant, particularly in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. By understanding the strategies used to eradicate smallpox, such as tracking, testing, and isolating, we can gain insights into how to keep on top of COVID-19. Moreover, the successful eradication of smallpox gives us hope that we can eradicate other human diseases if we work together. As students, exploring academic topics through reading, reflection, writing, and self-directed projects can help us gain a deeper understanding of the world around us and inspire us to take action to make a positive impact.