A black couple's home was undervalued by almost half a million dollars due to their race. With only 7.6% of appraisers being non-white, this story highlights the systemic racism in the real estate industry. Learn about their experiment and the shocking results that led to a lawsuit settlement.

Efficiency and equality are two fundamental concepts in social and economic policy that often come into conflict. Efficiency is the ability to produce goods or services with minimum waste, while equality refers to the fair distribution of resources among individuals. The trade-off between these two concepts is a persistent issue in the contemporary world, and it has important implications for social justice, economic growth, and political stability. In recent decades, the pursuit of efficiency has become a dominant theme in public policy, as governments and organizations seek to optimize their operations to achieve greater productivity, profitability, and innovation. However, this drive towards efficiency has also contributed to rising inequality, as the benefits of technological progress and globalization have disproportionately flowed to the top earners, while many low-skilled workers have faced declining wages, job insecurity, and social exclusion. This tension between efficiency and equality is not a new phenomenon. In the 19th century, the economist Vilfredo Pareto observed that economic progress often involved a redistribution of wealth from the poor to the rich, which he dubbed the "law of the vital few." Similarly, the philosopher John Rawls argued that a just society should prioritize the well-being of the least advantaged members, rather than maximizing aggregate welfare. The debate over the optimal balance between efficiency and equality has given rise to various schools of thought and policy proposals. Some proponents of efficiency argue that it is necessary to stimulate growth and innovation, which can eventually benefit everyone. Others advocate for a more redistributive approach, such as progressive taxation, social welfare programs, or universal basic income, to reduce inequality and ensure that the benefits of economic growth are shared more equitably. The trade-off between efficiency and equality is a complex and ongoing challenge for policymakers and citizens alike, but striking a good balance is one of the crucial factors of good policy-making.

Companies are increasingly taking action on social issues due to external pressure, according to Wharton management professor Stephanie Creary. This shift has been particularly notable in the past two years following the murder of George Floyd, with investors and consumers demanding greater transparency and authenticity. Companies are recognizing the linkages between their activities and social issues and the importance of environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG). While some companies may engage in lip service, the tide is turning, as demonstrated by the rise of roles such as director of employee activism.

Have you ever wondered why some CEOs earn hundreds of times more than their employees? In recent years, the topic of excessive CEO compensation has gained widespread attention and sparked intense debate. While some argue that CEOs deserve high pay for their leadership and contributions to their companies' success, others believe that such compensation is unjustified and contributes to economic inequality. In this write-up, we will explore the justifications for and advances in the area of excessive CEO compensation, and discuss the impact it has on the economy and society at large. One common argument in favor of excessive CEO compensation is that it serves as an incentive for CEOs to work harder and make better decisions. Supporters of this view believe that the promise of a large salary and bonuses motivates CEOs to maximize their companies' profits and shareholder value. However, critics argue that this argument is flawed, as there is little evidence to suggest that higher pay leads to better performance. In fact, some studies have found that excessive CEO compensation can lead to short-term thinking, risk-taking, and unethical behavior. In recent years, there have been several advances in the area of excessive CEO compensation. One significant development is the increased attention and scrutiny placed on CEO pay by shareholders, activists, and the media. This has led to a greater focus on the link between CEO pay and company performance, as well as the need for greater transparency and accountability in executive compensation. Another development is the rise of shareholder activism, in which investors use their power to influence companies' decisions on CEO pay and other issues. To fully understand the topic of excessive CEO compensation, it is important to be familiar with certain academic terms and concepts. One such term is "pay ratio," which refers to the ratio of CEO pay to median employee pay. Another important concept is "stock options," which are a form of executive compensation that gives CEOs the right to buy company stock at a set price. Additionally, "agency theory" is a key concept that is used to explain and resolve issues in the relationship between CEOs and their companies' shareholders. Several leading academics have made significant contributions to the study of excessive CEO compensation. One of these scholars is Lucian Bebchuk, a professor at Harvard Law School who has written extensively on the topic. Bebchuk argues that excessive CEO pay can lead to a misalignment of interests between executives and shareholders, and calls for reforms to address this issue. Another important academic in this area is Steven N. Kaplan, a professor at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Kaplan's research focuses on the link between CEO pay and company performance, and he has found that the relationship between the two is more complex than previously thought. Excessive CEO compensation is a complex and controversial topic that has significant implications for the economy and society.

Urban inequalities refer to the disparities and imbalances in opportunities, resources, and outcomes among different groups of people living in urban areas. This includes issues such as poverty, housing insecurity, racial and ethnic disparities, access to education and healthcare, and more. One of the leading academics in the field is sociologist and author, Loic Wacquant. Wacquant argues that the root causes of urban inequalities can be traced to broader social, political and economic structures and processes. He has written extensively on the ways in which the state and market forces interact to produce and reinforce urban inequalities, particularly in the global North. Another important figure in the study of urban inequalities is economic geographer David Harvey. Harvey has famously argued that urban inequalities are a result of the way that capitalism functions, and has developed the concept of "spatial fixes" to describe how capital seeks out new and profitable opportunities in the urban environment. The statistics on urban inequalities are staggering. For example, it has been estimated that in the United States, the poverty rate for urban residents is over double that of rural residents. Median incomes in rural areas of the Northeast and Midwest ($62,291 and $55,704 respectively) were higher than in the regions’ urban areas ($60,655 and $51,266) while that in the South and West ($50,989 and $58,541) were higher than in rural areas ($46,891 and $56,061). However, across all four regions, poverty rates were consistently lower for rural residents. In many cities around the world, racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to live in poverty and experience housing insecurity. The COVID-19 pandemic has only exacerbated these disparities, with low-income urban residents being disproportionately affected. Despite the challenges, there are also inspiring stories of communities and individuals working to address urban inequalities. For example, community-led organizations in cities like Detroit and Baltimore are working to revitalize neighbourhoods and provide resources and support to residents. Activists and advocates are also pushing for policy changes at the local, state and national levels to address the root causes of urban inequalities.

Cryptocurrency investors are at risk of gambling-related harms, with online gambling outlets accepting crypto wagers posing even greater threats. A new study by the University of Bristol and the University of East London highlights the lack of regulation, risk of fraud, and extreme price volatility as emerging crypto risks. The study explores the intersection of cryptocurrency investing and gambling, citing evidence that shows how crypto trading is associated with increased gambling activity and high-risk stock trading. Cryptocasinos present a double danger, allowing gamblers to bet on sophisticated online gambling products using volatile cryptocurrencies as the source of funds.

In recent years, gun violence has become a global concern, and with it, discussions about gun ownership and firearm homicide have become increasingly relevant. The issue of gun violence is not limited to any one country or culture, but rather is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that varies widely across different regions and populations. At the heart of the debate on gun ownership and firearm homicide is the question of how cultural, social, economic, and political factors interact to shape attitudes towards guns and the extent to which they contribute to violence. Many scholars have explored this issue, and their work offers valuable insights into the complex relationships between culture, guns, and violence. For example, one key concept in this field is the notion of "gun culture," which refers to the social and cultural attitudes that promote gun ownership and use. Sociologist David Yamane has argued that the U.S. has a unique gun culture that is deeply ingrained in American society, and that this culture is a key factor in the high rates of gun ownership and gun violence in the country. Other academics, like Gary Kleck and John Lott, have explored the role of guns in self-defense and crime prevention, and have argued that increased gun ownership can lead to a reduction in crime rates. However, this view is not without its critics, and many scholars, like Franklin Zimring, have challenged the notion that more guns necessarily lead to more safety. The cultural differences in attitudes towards guns are also evident when we compare the U.S. to other countries. For example, in Japan, the ownership of firearms is strictly regulated and there are very low rates of gun violence. In contrast, countries like Mexico and Brazil have high rates of gun violence despite having relatively strict gun control laws. When it comes to exploring this topic further, there are many avenues for students to pursue. They might start by delving deeper into the concept of "gun culture" and exploring how it differs across different regions and populations. They might also explore the role of guns in self-defense, and consider the arguments both for and against the idea that more guns lead to greater safety. Finally, they might look at the differences in gun control laws across different countries and consider the factors that contribute to variation in gun violence rates. In conclusion, exploring the relationship between gun ownership and firearm homicide is a multifaceted endeavor that requires a cross-cultural perspective. By delving deeper into the concept of "gun culture" and exploring how it differs across different regions and populations, students can gain a better understanding of this pressing issue, and develop their own informed and nuanced perspectives on this topic.

Andrew Ross Sorkin's "Too Big to Fail" is a gripping account of the financial crisis that shook the world economy to its core. With unprecedented access to the key players involved, Sorkin takes us behind the scenes of secret meetings in South Korea, the corridors of Washington, and the corner office at Lehman Brothers. The book is a real-life thriller, revealing never-disclosed details and the decisions made on Wall Street that sowed the seeds of the debacle. This is a must-read for anyone interested in the world of finance, politics, and the fate of the global economy. Recommended for finance enthusiasts, political science students, and anyone interested in understanding the causes and consequences of the 2008 financial crisis. This book provides a moment-by-moment account of how the crisis developed into a global tsunami, with unprecedented access to the key players involved. It sheds light on the decisions made on Wall Street that led to the collapse of Lehman Brothers and the subsequent bailout of the world's biggest banks. Anyone looking to gain insights into the workings of the finance industry and the role of politics in shaping the global economy will find this book a fascinating read.

In the world we live in, there are many problems that we can't solve alone, but only as a collective group. This is known as a collective action problem. It's a situation where we all share a common goal, but we need everyone to contribute in order to achieve it. Whether it's reducing air pollution, protecting endangered species, or promoting a culture of body positivity, collective action problems require coordination and collaboration. By understanding the underlying structure of these problems and exploring potential solutions like social norms, legal sanctions, and tax incentives, we can learn how to tackle these challenges and make a positive impact on the world. Not all problems are worth solving, but by identifying the ones that are, we can work together to create a better future for ourselves and for generations to come.

In Uneasy Street, Rachel Sherman delves into the lives of fifty affluent New Yorkers, including hedge fund financiers and corporate lawyers, to uncover their perspectives on privilege and wealth. Contrary to popular belief, these "liberal elites" feel conflicted about their position in a highly unequal society and wish to be seen as "normal." They avoid talking about money and compare themselves to those with more, rather than less. Sherman argues that this ethical distinction between "good" and "bad" wealthy people perpetuates economic inequality and has become ordinary and acceptable to the rest of us. This thought-provoking book challenges our assumptions about the wealthy and their role in society. Recommended for students of sociology, economics, and political science, as well as anyone interested in exploring the complex relationship between wealth and privilege. The book sheds light on how the wealthy perceive their own position in society and how their beliefs perpetuate economic inequality. It is also relevant to professionals in finance, law, and other industries that intersect with wealth and privilege. Finally, Uneasy Street is a must-read for anyone concerned with social justice and the widening gap between rich and poor.

The "S" in ESG (environmental, social, and corporate governance) is all about people! Executives are now prioritizing social justice and changing their practices to make a positive impact on employees, supply chain partners, customers, and communities.

Xenophobia is the fear and hatred of foreigners, and it has a long history. In today's political climate, it is shaping political debates and causing harm to marginalized groups. Though it is not the same as racism, the two are often related. Xenophobic fears are easy to stir when inequality increases, and the pain felt by the so-called natives is turned onto the foreigner. However, society can tackle this trend by being more equal and providing for all. Learning about xenophobia and its effects can help us understand the world around us and work towards a more inclusive society. By exploring academic concepts like xenophobia, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world and the issues that affect us. This understanding can help us become more empathetic and informed citizens, and ultimately lead to a better world for all.

Are you passionate about justice and fairness? Do you enjoy debating and arguing your point of view? If so, a career as a lawyer may be the perfect fit for you! Lawyers are legal professionals who provide advice and representation to clients on a range of legal matters. They are responsible for interpreting laws, regulations, and legal precedents, and applying them to specific cases. Lawyers work in a variety of settings, including law firms, corporations, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. One of the most appealing aspects of being a lawyer is the opportunity to make a difference in people's lives. Lawyers help clients navigate complex legal issues, such as divorce, custody battles, and criminal charges. They also play a vital role in shaping public policy and advocating for social justice. As a lawyer, you will have a variety of duties, depending on your area of specialization. Some lawyers focus on litigation, representing clients in court. Others work in transactional law, helping clients negotiate contracts and other legal agreements. Some lawyers specialize in specific areas of the law, such as intellectual property, environmental law, or tax law. To become a lawyer, you will need to complete a rigorous education and training program. Most lawyers have a bachelor's degree in a related field, such as political science or pre-law. After completing your undergraduate degree, you will need to attend law school and pass the bar exam in your state. In addition to formal education and training, there are several personal attributes that can be helpful in a career as a lawyer. These include strong analytical and critical thinking skills, excellent communication and negotiation skills, and the ability to work well under pressure. Job prospects for lawyers are generally good, with many opportunities available in both the public and private sectors. Some of the most notable employers include large law firms, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. Top law firms, such as Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, offer highly competitive salaries and benefits, as well as opportunities for advancement and professional development. In conclusion, a career as a lawyer can be both challenging and rewarding. If you are passionate about justice and fairness, and have a strong desire to help others, then a career as a lawyer may be the perfect fit for you!

Fred Block and Margaret Somers' book "The Power of Market Fundamentalism" delves into the paradox of why free-market ideas have persisted despite their failures. Drawing from Karl Polanyi's work, the authors explain how the free market championed by market liberals never existed and why markets cannot be self-regulating. The book reveals the theoretical flaws of market principles and how they threaten social life when public goods are subjected to market principles. This intellectually stimulating read is perfect for students interested in economics, political science, and sociology. Recommended for students of economics, political science, and sociology, "The Power of Market Fundamentalism" is a thought-provoking analysis of the paradoxical persistence of free-market ideas despite their failures. Fred Block and Margaret Somers' book extends Karl Polanyi's work to explain how markets cannot be self-regulating and why they require ongoing state action. The authors reveal the theoretical flaws of market principles and how they endanger social life when public goods are subjected to market principles. This book is relevant to professionals in public policy, business, and finance, as well as those interested in exploring the intersection of politics and economics.

Gentrification is a complex and controversial issue that is affecting cities all around the world. It refers to the process of renovating and improving a run-down urban neighborhood, often resulting in the displacement of low-income residents and small businesses as the neighborhood becomes more attractive to affluent newcomers. One of the leading academics in the field of gentrification studies is Dr. David Harvey, a geographer and sociologist who has written extensively on the topic. In his book, "The Right to the City," Harvey argues that gentrification represents a violation of the "right to the city" for marginalized communities who are pushed out of their neighborhoods as a result. The impact of gentrification on equality can be significant. As low-income residents are forced to move out of gentrifying neighborhoods, they often face challenges finding affordable housing elsewhere, leading to increased homelessness and housing insecurity. Additionally, the loss of diverse communities and small businesses can have a negative impact on cultural richness and local economies. One example of the impact of gentrification can be seen in San Francisco, where the city's African American population declined from 13.4% in 1970 to just 5.8% in 2010 as a result of gentrification and displacement. In London, a similar pattern can be seen, with a report by the Greater London Authority finding that the number of ethnic minority households in the city's inner boroughs has declined by over 50% since the 1980s due to gentrification. These are just a few examples. Explore this interesting and complex topic more and play your part in helping communities grow sustainably and equitably.

Have you ever been intrigued by courtroom dramas and legal thrillers? Do you have a passion for justice and a desire to serve your community? If so, a career in criminal law may be the perfect fit for you. As a criminal lawyer, you would play a crucial role in the justice system by defending individuals accused of crimes and ensuring their rights are protected. You could work in a variety of areas, from representing clients in court to negotiating plea bargains to working on behalf of the government to prosecute criminals. One of the most appealing aspects of a career in criminal law is the opportunity to make a real difference in people's lives. Imagine representing someone who has been wrongfully accused of a crime and helping to clear their name. Or standing up for the rights of someone who has been the victim of a crime. The impact you could have on the lives of others is immeasurable. Some real-life examples of inspiring criminal lawyers include Bryan Stevenson, who founded the Equal Justice Initiative and has dedicated his career to fighting for racial justice, and Amal Clooney, who has represented clients in high-profile human rights cases. The duties of a criminal lawyer can vary depending on the type of work they do. In addition to representing clients in court, they may conduct legal research, negotiate with opposing counsel, interview witnesses, and prepare legal documents. Specializations within criminal law can include areas such as white-collar crime, juvenile justice, or international criminal law. To become a criminal lawyer, you'll typically need to earn a bachelor's degree and a law degree. Popular undergraduate majors for those interested in criminal law include political science, criminology, and sociology. After earning your law degree, you'll need to pass the bar exam in the state where you plan to practice. Helpful personal attributes for a career in criminal law include strong communication skills, critical thinking and analytical abilities, and a strong ethical compass. You should also be comfortable working under pressure and have excellent time management skills. The job prospects for criminal lawyers are generally good, with many opportunities available in both the public and private sectors. Potential employers include law firms, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. Notable examples of employers in the field include the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Innocence Project.

Food has the power to bring people together. Sharing a meal can be an opportunity for connection, communication, and celebration. It can also be a way to address social issues and build stronger communities. In this write-up, we'll explore the ways in which food can break down barriers and bring people together, using interesting facts, statistics, stories, and examples from real life. We'll also explain some relevant academic terms and concepts, and highlight the contributions of leading academics in the field. Social scientists have studied the relationship between food and community building for decades. They have found that communal eating promotes social bonding, and can even enhance group cooperation and teamwork. The sharing of food can also be a way to build bridges between diverse communities, promoting understanding and empathy. In many cultures, food is a central part of social and religious rituals. It is used to mark important occasions and bring people together in celebration. In the United States, Thanksgiving is a prime example of this. Families and friends gather to share a meal and express gratitude for one another. Food can also be used as a tool for social change. Many community organizations use food to address issues of food insecurity and social justice. For example, community gardens and farmers' markets can provide fresh, healthy food to underserved neighborhoods. Food co-ops and community kitchens can provide job training and support to low-income individuals. Leading academics in the field, such as Dr. Raj Patel, have written extensively about the ways in which food can be used to address social and environmental issues. Dr. Patel argues that food is a lens through which we can understand broader social and economic systems. He believes that by changing our relationship with food, we can create a more just and sustainable world. Food truly has the power to bring people together, break down barriers, and create positive social change. Through reading, reflection, and self-directed projects, high school students can explore this important topic in-depth and learn how they can contribute to building stronger, more connected communities.

Are you passionate about the environment and the future of our planet? Do you want to make a real difference in the world? Then studying Climate Change Policy might just be the perfect field of study for you! Climate Change Policy is an interdisciplinary field that combines science, politics, economics, and law to address one of the most pressing issues of our time: global warming. As a student in this field, you'll gain a deep understanding of the science behind climate change, as well as the policies and strategies needed to mitigate its effects and adapt to its impacts. One of the most exciting aspects of studying Climate Change Policy is the real-world impact you can have. From designing renewable energy policies to developing sustainable transportation systems, the work of Climate Change Policy experts has a direct impact on the health of our planet and the well-being of future generations. As a student in this field, you'll have the opportunity to engage in cutting-edge research and innovation, working with top academics and experts in the field. You'll explore the latest academic discourse and learn from well-known figures like Naomi Klein, Bill McKibben, and Michael Mann, who have made significant contributions to the field. At the undergraduate level, you'll typically take courses in Environmental Science, Economics, Political Science, and Law, among others. Specializations can include topics like Climate Change Adaptation, Energy Policy, Environmental Law, and Sustainability. You'll also have the opportunity to gain hands-on experience through internships and research projects. The potential career paths for Climate Change Policy graduates are vast and varied. You could work for government agencies, non-profit organizations, or private companies, designing and implementing policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability. You could also work in academia, researching and teaching about climate change and its impacts. Notable employers in this field include the United Nations, the World Bank, and the Environmental Protection Agency, among others. To succeed in this field, you'll need to be passionate about the environment and committed to making a difference in the world. You should also have strong analytical and critical thinking skills, as well as excellent communication and teamwork abilities. If you're ready to take on the challenge of addressing climate change head-on, then studying Climate Change Policy might just be the perfect fit for you!

When we think of governance, we often imagine a group of officials making decisions on behalf of a larger population. But there's another approach to governance that's gaining attention: multi-stakeholder governance. What is multi-stakeholder governance, and how does it differ from traditional forms of governance? At its core, multi-stakeholder governance is about collaboration between different groups of stakeholders to make decisions that affect them all. Instead of a top-down approach, where decisions are made by a single group, multi-stakeholder governance involves a variety of stakeholders, including government officials, non-governmental organizations, businesses, and community members. One of the key benefits of multi-stakeholder governance is that it can lead to more effective and equitable decision-making. By bringing together diverse perspectives and experiences, multi-stakeholder governance can help ensure that everyone's voice is heard and that decisions reflect the needs and concerns of all stakeholders. This approach can be particularly effective in addressing complex issues that require a broad range of expertise and input. But multi-stakeholder governance isn't without its challenges. Collaboration can be difficult, and finding common ground among different stakeholders can be a time-consuming and complex process. In addition, power imbalances can arise, with some stakeholders having more influence or resources than others. Despite these challenges, multi-stakeholder governance has gained traction in a variety of sectors, from environmental management to public health. For example, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is a multi-stakeholder governance initiative that promotes responsible forest management by bringing together environmental, social, and economic stakeholders. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) is another multi-stakeholder initiative that works to increase access to immunization in low-income countries. Leading academics in the field of multi-stakeholder governance include Elinor Ostrom, who won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2009 for her work on the governance of common-pool resources, and Mark Anner, who has researched multi-stakeholder governance in global supply chains. In conclusion, multi-stakeholder governance is a unique approach to decision-making that emphasizes collaboration and inclusivity. While it presents some challenges, it has the potential to be a powerful tool for addressing complex issues and ensuring that all voices are heard. By exploring examples such as the FSC and GAVI, and learning from leading academics such as Ostrom and Anner, students can gain a deeper understanding of this important concept and its potential to make a positive impact in the world.

Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph E. Stiglitz's best-selling book "The Price of Inequality" is a powerful indictment of America's growing inequality and its corrosive effects on our economy, democracy, and system of justice. Stiglitz argues that politics, not just market forces, have shaped this vicious circle of inequality, and he exposes the efforts of well-heeled interests to compound their wealth at the expense of true, dynamic capitalism. With characteristic insight, Stiglitz offers a vision for a more just and prosperous future, supported by a concrete program to achieve that vision. Recommended for students of economics, political science, and sociology, as well as anyone concerned about the growing inequality and lack of opportunity in America. This book is particularly relevant to those interested in the role of politics in shaping market forces, the effects of inequality on our economy and democracy, and the need for concrete policy solutions to address these issues. It may also be of interest to activists and advocates working towards greater economic and social justice.