Uncover the cultural identity of the Qing dynasty's ruling elite! Explore the fascinating question of whether the Manchu and Mongol conquerors who ruled China assimilated into the Han majority culture or maintained their own cultural identity. Discover what possessions and lifestyles of the elites reveal about their cultural identity.

Arundhati Roy's novel "The God of Small Things" explores the tragic events that lead to the separation of fraternal twins Rahel and Estha, set in a town in Kerala, India. Roy's rich language and masterful storytelling earned her the prestigious Booker Prize, as she examines the culture of her native India, including its social mores and colonial history. One of her focuses is the caste system, a way of classifying people by hereditary social class that is thousands of years old. Although the caste system was abolished in 1950, it continued to shape social life in India, routinely marginalizing people of lower castes. Roy warns that the tragic consequences of forbidden relationships between different castes "would lurk forever in ordinary things." Her writing makes constant use of these ordinary things, bringing lush detail to even the most tragic moments. The novel explores the characters' struggles to operate in a world where they don't quite fit, alongside their nation's political turmoil. "The God of Small Things" is a compelling and thought-provoking read that encourages readers to reflect on the complexities of society and human relationships.

Are you curious about the world and the people in it? Do you want to explore the rich and diverse cultures of different ethnic groups? If so, then Ethnic Studies might be the perfect field of study for you! Ethnic Studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the histories, cultures, and experiences of ethnic groups in the United States and around the world. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including race, ethnicity, gender, identity, and social justice. One of the most appealing aspects of Ethnic Studies is its real-world relevance. By studying this field, you'll gain a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and political issues that affect people from different ethnic backgrounds. You'll learn about the struggles and triumphs of marginalized communities, and you'll gain the tools to become an advocate for social change. Ethnic Studies is also a field that is constantly evolving. There are many exciting research projects and innovations happening in this field, from the study of intersectionality to the exploration of the impact of globalization on ethnic communities. Some well-known academic figures in this field include Angela Davis, bell hooks, and Cornel West, who have made significant contributions to our understanding of race, gender, and social justice. At the undergraduate level, students typically take courses in areas such as African American Studies, Asian American Studies, Chicano/Latino Studies, and Native American Studies. These courses cover a wide range of topics, from the history of ethnic communities in the United States to the cultural expressions of these communities. There are also opportunities for further specialization, such as in areas like immigration studies or critical race theory. So, what kind of career can you pursue with a degree in Ethnic Studies? The possibilities are endless! Graduates of this field can go on to work in a variety of industries, including education, government, non-profits, and the arts. Some specific careers might include working as a community organizer, a social worker, a teacher, or a diversity and inclusion specialist. Some notable employers in this field include the Smithsonian Institution, the United Nations, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). To succeed in Ethnic Studies, it's helpful to have a passion for social justice and a desire to learn about different cultures and perspectives. Strong critical thinking and writing skills are also important, as is the ability to work collaboratively with others from diverse backgrounds. So, if you're ready to explore the rich and diverse world of ethnic cultures and histories, consider studying Ethnic Studies. It's a field that will challenge you, inspire you, and prepare you to make a positive impact in the world.

Colonial history is a complex and often painful subject, involving the histories and legacies of colonization, empire, and slavery. In recent years, the concept of colonial history revisionism has been in the spotlight, as scholars, activists, and communities have challenged traditional narratives and sought to center the experiences of those who have been marginalized or silenced. In this write-up, we will explore the key concepts and debates around colonial history revisionism, as well as the contributions of leading academics in the field. Colonial history revisionism involves questioning and re-examining traditional narratives of colonization, empire, and slavery. This can include challenging dominant perspectives that have centered white, European perspectives, and silencing or marginalizing the voices of colonized peoples and enslaved Africans. Revisionism also involves looking at the ways in which colonial legacies continue to shape our world today, from economic inequality to systemic racism. One of the key debates within colonial history revisionism is around the concept of "decolonization." This term refers to the process of undoing the effects of colonization and centering the voices and experiences of colonized peoples. However, there is debate around what decolonization looks like in practice, and whether it is possible within existing structures of power. There are many academics who have contributed to the field of colonial history revisionism. One of the most influential is Edward Said, who wrote extensively on the concept of Orientalism and the ways in which Western perspectives have shaped the study of the "Orient." Another important figure is Frantz Fanon, who wrote about the psychological effects of colonization on the colonized, and the need for a "decolonization of the mind." More recent scholars include Saidiya Hartman, who explores the experiences of enslaved Africans and their descendants, and Jemima Pierre, who looks at the connections between colonialism and the global economy. In conclusion, colonial history revisionism is a vital field of study that challenges traditional narratives and center the voices and experiences of those who have been marginalized or silenced. By exploring this area further, students can deepen their understanding of colonial history and its legacies, and contribute to ongoing efforts to decolonize our world.

Travel back in time to the Enlightenment era and discover how European thinkers envisioned the future of their continent. Uncover the thoughts of famous philosophers like Rousseau, Voltaire, and Kant, as well as lesser-known voices, in the new book The Idea of Europe: Enlightenment Perspectives. Immerse yourself in debates on political unity, military power, and trade that still ring true today.

In 1833, Lydia Maria Child shocked readers with her book "An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans," denouncing slavery and exposing its power in US politics. Child, together with a small group of activists, were not just antislavery, but abolitionists, convinced that slavery should end immediately and without compensation to enslavers. Despite facing backlash and sexism, Child's activism inspired the formation of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society and the first national political gathering of Black and white women, leading to legal protection for Black Americans in Massachusetts.

Food is not just about sustenance. It is also a marker of culture, tradition, and identity. However, what happens when this identity is stripped away, and traditional foodways are appropriated? Culinary appropriation is the act of taking a traditional dish, ingredient, or technique from one culture and using it for commercial gain or to create a new fusion dish without proper acknowledgement or respect for its origins. It is a complex issue with deep roots in colonialism. During colonialism, the colonizers imposed their food, language, and culture on the colonized people, effectively erasing their traditional ways of life. They used food to exert power and control over the colonized people, not just through the physical act of food production, but also by using it as a tool of cultural dominance. This process led to the commodification and commercialization of traditional food, leading to the loss of traditional foodways and cultural identity. Culinary appropriation is not just a historical issue. It still happens today, with cultural foods being misappropriated for profit or commercial gain. For example, many traditional Indigenous foods have been misappropriated, leading to the loss of cultural identity and economic benefits. Additionally, many non-Asian restaurants have profited from the popularity of sushi, ramen, and other Asian foods, without acknowledging the cultural roots of these dishes. Leading academics in the field of culinary appropriation and colonialism include Krishnendu Ray, who coined the term "culinary gentrification," and has pointed out that culinary appropriation reinforces a power dynamic in which the colonizer's culture is seen as superior, while the colonized culture is seen as inferior. So, what can we do to combat culinary appropriation? One way is to actively seek out and support local, traditional food producers and restaurants. Additionally, we can educate ourselves and others about the cultural roots of our favorite foods and dishes. It is important to acknowledge the history and traditions behind the food we consume, and to give credit where it is due. Remember, food is not just about taste, it is also about culture, history, and identity. Let's celebrate and respect the traditions and cultural roots of the food we consume.

The ancient Romans were known for their brutal and violent approach to punishment, and one of the most notorious forms of execution was the practice of damnatio ad bestias. This involved throwing condemned criminals into an arena with wild animals, where they would be torn apart and devoured in front of a bloodthirsty audience. But what was the purpose of this gruesome spectacle? Some scholars argue that it served as a deterrent to would-be criminals, while others suggest that it was a form of entertainment for the masses. Still, others contend that it was a way for the ruling class to assert their dominance over the lower classes. Regardless of its purpose, damnatio ad bestias was a harrowing and terrifying experience for those who were forced to endure it. In some cases, criminals were even forced to fight against each other, adding a gladiator-like element to the proceedings. So who were the people who witnessed these horrific events? According to historian Keith Hopkins, the vast majority of spectators were not members of the upper class, but rather the urban poor who were attracted to the spectacle of violence and bloodshed. In fact, Hopkins suggests that these public executions were a way for the ruling class to distract the lower classes from their own poverty and suffering. But damnatio ad bestias was not just confined to the arena. The practice was also used as a form of punishment for political dissidents and enemies of the state. For example, the early Christian martyr Saint Ignatius of Antioch was sentenced to damnatio ad bestias in the second century AD, and was eventually devoured by lions in the Colosseum. In modern times, the practice of damnatio ad bestias is rightly seen as a barbaric and cruel form of punishment. But for the ancient Romans, it was just another way to assert their power and maintain order in a society that was often violent and chaotic.

Individualism is a double-edged sword that has shaped Western civilization, but also led to the decline of communities . The concept of personal autonomy became the central value of Western society, leading to the principles of one person one vote, civil liberties, and equal rights for all. However, this development has gone hand in hand with the decline of interdependence and solidarity. In other cultures, communal values have traditionally taken precedence, where who you are cannot be separated from the groups you belong to. The benefits of individualism are praised and celebrated when it allows you to be yourself while also being part of society and contributing to it. As a high school student, understanding the balance between individualism and community can help you navigate and understand the world around you, while also allowing you to develop your own identity and contribute positively to society.

Board games can be a fun pastime, but what happens when they reinforce prejudices and glorify colonial domination? Researchers at MIT and Dartmouth delve into the history of board games in their new book, "Playing Oppression," and analyze the assumptions baked into many of them. From the problematic elements of "Puerto Rico" to the glorification of empire-building in games like "Empires: Age of Discovery," this book sheds light on the legacy of conquest and empire in colonialist board games.

Christopher Hitchens, one of the most incisive minds of our time, meets George Orwell in this thought-provoking essay, where he assesses the life, achievements, and myth of the great political writer. Hitchens examines Orwell's perspectives on fascism, empire, feminism, and Englishness, as well as his outlook on America. Whether thinking about empires or dictators, race or class, nationalism or popular culture, Orwell's moral outlook remains indispensable in a world that has undergone vast changes in the fifty years since his death. This book is a tightly woven and subtle argument that addresses not only why Orwell matters today but how he will continue to matter in a future, uncertain world. Recommended for history buffs, political science students, and anyone interested in the power of language and the role of the writer in society. This book offers a unique perspective on the life and work of George Orwell, one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. Christopher Hitchens' essay is a thought-provoking analysis of Orwell's moral outlook and his perspectives on fascism, empire, feminism, and Englishness, as well as his outlook on America. It is a must-read for those who want to understand the influence of Orwell's writing on our modern world and how his ideas continue to shape our understanding of politics, culture, and society.

Chess is more than just a game - it's a tool of military strategy, a metaphor for human affairs, and a benchmark of genius. With a history dating back over one-and-a-half millennia, chess has transcended cultures and continents, evolving into the form we know today. Chess theory was born in Europe, where it became part of courtly education and was used as an allegory for different social classes performing their proper roles. Chess has had a rich and varied history, from the Islamic conquest of Persia to the Cold War, and even today, chess software is capable of consistently defeating the best human players. Learning about the history and strategy of chess can help students develop their critical thinking skills and creativity, and provide insights into human culture and history.

Are you looking for insights into China's strategic tradition and universal military truths? Look no further than Sunzi's "Art of War". This military classic has been mined for wisdom by military and business leaders alike, but to truly understand its unique perspective, readers must approach it from the worldview of its author. In this fascinating article from The Conversation, a researcher delves into the Daoist roots of Sunzi's philosophy and explains how understanding the concept of 'shì' and acting with "wúwéi" can help leaders nurture potential and achieve success.

The "Aeneid" by Virgil is an epic poem that aims to capture the unsettled nature of Roman politics in the second half of the 1st century B.C. The poem is written in dactylic hexameter and spans twelve separate sections, the first six of which mirror the structure of the "Odyssey" and the last six echo the "Iliad". By connecting the founding of Rome to the mythological stories that his audience knew so well, Virgil was able to link his hero Aeneas to the character of Augustus. Aeneas is on a quest to establish a new home for his people and faces all kinds of obstacles. Virgil presents Aeneas as a sort of model for Augustus, and that's probably one of the reasons the emperor was so eager to save the poem from destruction. The "Aeneid" has survived to ask questions about the nature of power and authority ever since. By exploring this epic poem, students can gain a deeper understanding of the history and culture of Ancient Rome and the literary techniques used to convey complex ideas.

"War and Peace" may seem like an intimidating tome, but it is a thrilling examination of history populated with deep and realistic characters. This epic novel by Tolstoy explores the interconnected lives of aristocrats in Russia on the eve of war with France. While the characters and their psychologies are gripping, Tolstoy is not afraid to interrupt the narrative to pose insightful questions about history, culture, philosophy, psychology, and the human response to war. This panoramic scope makes "War and Peace" a unique and valuable work of literature. By reading this book, students can gain a deeper understanding of history and its impact on society, as well as develop their critical thinking skills. So, don't be intimidated by its length, "War and Peace" is a worthwhile read that can broaden your intellectual horizons.

Did you know that the treadmill was originally created in the 1800s as a punishment for English prisoners? However, social movements led by religious groups, philanthropies, and celebrities like Charles Dickens sought to change these dire conditions and help reform the prisoners. The treadmill was seen as a fantastic way of whipping prisoners into shape, and that added benefit of powering mills helped to rebuild a British economy decimated by the Napoleonic Wars. Although the original treadmill was banned for being excessively cruel, it returned with a vengeance in the 1970s as a way to improve aerobic fitness and lose unwanted pounds. Learning about the history of the treadmill can help you understand how social movements can bring about positive change and how ideas can evolve over time.

As a high school student, have you ever struggled to stay engaged in complex history lessons? In the summer of 1963, a teacher named Henry Littlefield had a brilliant idea to use "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" to teach American history. He saw connections between the story and the late 19th century Gilded Age, where farmers struggled while industry and finance in the North and East prospered, as well as how the story represented Populism. Littlefield believed that Dorothy represented a typical American girl whose life was turned upside down by powerful forces outside of her control, while the Scarecrow represented the farmer and the Tin Woodman represented the industrial worker. By exploring these connections, students can gain a deeper understanding of the complex social and economic issues of the time. Even though Baum claimed that the book was just an innocent children's story, scholars have found hidden meanings and connections that make it a fascinating subject of study. Learning to uncover hidden meanings and connections in literature can help you become a more critical thinker and better understand the world around you.

Ever wondered why corruption levels vary in African countries? A new study suggests that the legacy of colonial rule may be partly to blame. Find out how British colonial rule may have fostered the corruption of local elites (chiefs) and undermined society's trust in them. Discover the significant welfare implications of this on agriculture, natural resources, mining royalties, public goods, and economic development in many African societies.

Discover the hidden history of Britain's post-war immigration laws and their imperial roots. Learn how citizenship and immigration policies shaped the Windrush scandal and continue to impact the UK today. Explore the connections between immigration laws and Britain's relationship with the rest of the world.

Are you interested in learning about the impact of the American Revolution on the French Revolution? The Library of Congress has an article that explores the relationship between the two revolutions and how they were influenced by political theories. You'll also discover the complex roles of women, people of color, and Native Americans during this time. Don't miss out on this fascinating read!