Colonial history is a complex and often painful subject, involving the histories and legacies of colonization, empire, and slavery. In recent years, the concept of colonial history revisionism has been in the spotlight, as scholars, activists, and communities have challenged traditional narratives and sought to center the experiences of those who have been marginalized or silenced. In this write-up, we will explore the key concepts and debates around colonial history revisionism, as well as the contributions of leading academics in the field. Colonial history revisionism involves questioning and re-examining traditional narratives of colonization, empire, and slavery. This can include challenging dominant perspectives that have centered white, European perspectives, and silencing or marginalizing the voices of colonized peoples and enslaved Africans. Revisionism also involves looking at the ways in which colonial legacies continue to shape our world today, from economic inequality to systemic racism. One of the key debates within colonial history revisionism is around the concept of "decolonization." This term refers to the process of undoing the effects of colonization and centering the voices and experiences of colonized peoples. However, there is debate around what decolonization looks like in practice, and whether it is possible within existing structures of power. There are many academics who have contributed to the field of colonial history revisionism. One of the most influential is Edward Said, who wrote extensively on the concept of Orientalism and the ways in which Western perspectives have shaped the study of the "Orient." Another important figure is Frantz Fanon, who wrote about the psychological effects of colonization on the colonized, and the need for a "decolonization of the mind." More recent scholars include Saidiya Hartman, who explores the experiences of enslaved Africans and their descendants, and Jemima Pierre, who looks at the connections between colonialism and the global economy. In conclusion, colonial history revisionism is a vital field of study that challenges traditional narratives and center the voices and experiences of those who have been marginalized or silenced. By exploring this area further, students can deepen their understanding of colonial history and its legacies, and contribute to ongoing efforts to decolonize our world.

As a high school student, have you ever struggled to stay engaged in complex history lessons? In the summer of 1963, a teacher named Henry Littlefield had a brilliant idea to use "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" to teach American history. He saw connections between the story and the late 19th century Gilded Age, where farmers struggled while industry and finance in the North and East prospered, as well as how the story represented Populism. Littlefield believed that Dorothy represented a typical American girl whose life was turned upside down by powerful forces outside of her control, while the Scarecrow represented the farmer and the Tin Woodman represented the industrial worker. By exploring these connections, students can gain a deeper understanding of the complex social and economic issues of the time. Even though Baum claimed that the book was just an innocent children's story, scholars have found hidden meanings and connections that make it a fascinating subject of study. Learning to uncover hidden meanings and connections in literature can help you become a more critical thinker and better understand the world around you.

Xenophobia is the fear and hatred of foreigners, and it has a long history. In today's political climate, it is shaping political debates and causing harm to marginalized groups. Though it is not the same as racism, the two are often related. Xenophobic fears are easy to stir when inequality increases, and the pain felt by the so-called natives is turned onto the foreigner. However, society can tackle this trend by being more equal and providing for all. Learning about xenophobia and its effects can help us understand the world around us and work towards a more inclusive society. By exploring academic concepts like xenophobia, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world and the issues that affect us. This understanding can help us become more empathetic and informed citizens, and ultimately lead to a better world for all.

The ancient Romans were known for their brutal and violent approach to punishment, and one of the most notorious forms of execution was the practice of damnatio ad bestias. This involved throwing condemned criminals into an arena with wild animals, where they would be torn apart and devoured in front of a bloodthirsty audience. But what was the purpose of this gruesome spectacle? Some scholars argue that it served as a deterrent to would-be criminals, while others suggest that it was a form of entertainment for the masses. Still, others contend that it was a way for the ruling class to assert their dominance over the lower classes. Regardless of its purpose, damnatio ad bestias was a harrowing and terrifying experience for those who were forced to endure it. In some cases, criminals were even forced to fight against each other, adding a gladiator-like element to the proceedings. So who were the people who witnessed these horrific events? According to historian Keith Hopkins, the vast majority of spectators were not members of the upper class, but rather the urban poor who were attracted to the spectacle of violence and bloodshed. In fact, Hopkins suggests that these public executions were a way for the ruling class to distract the lower classes from their own poverty and suffering. But damnatio ad bestias was not just confined to the arena. The practice was also used as a form of punishment for political dissidents and enemies of the state. For example, the early Christian martyr Saint Ignatius of Antioch was sentenced to damnatio ad bestias in the second century AD, and was eventually devoured by lions in the Colosseum. In modern times, the practice of damnatio ad bestias is rightly seen as a barbaric and cruel form of punishment. But for the ancient Romans, it was just another way to assert their power and maintain order in a society that was often violent and chaotic.

Why have so many Native Americans fought for a country that has colonized and broken promises to them for centuries? The Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian is exploring this question in a new book and exhibition, "Why We Serve: Native Americans in the United States Armed Forces". The book highlights the unique traditions and motivations that Indigenous people bring to their military service, challenging stereotypes and shedding light on a long history of devotion to the U.S. military.

Did you know that many traditional school curricula in North America were designed to erase the history and culture of Indigenous People? This approach to education perpetuates a harmful colonial legacy, reinforcing the oppression and marginalization of Indigenous communities. However, there is a growing movement to revise the education system and ensure that Indigenous perspectives are included and valued in our classrooms. At the heart of this movement is the concept of "decolonization," which refers to the process of dismantling colonial structures and systems of oppression. In the context of education, decolonization means recognizing and honouring the knowledge, culture, and history of Indigenous Peoples, and incorporating these perspectives into the curriculum in meaningful ways. Leading scholars in this field include Linda Tuhiwai Smith, a Maori scholar from New Zealand who wrote the groundbreaking book "Decolonizing Methodologies"; and Eve Tuck, a scholar and activist from the Unangax and Aleut communities of Alaska who has written extensively on the need for a more critical and ethical approach to research and education. But what does decolonizing education look like in practice? It can involve incorporating Indigenous literature, history, and perspectives into existing courses; developing new courses that focus on Indigenous knowledge and culture; and working with Indigenous communities to ensure that education is culturally relevant and respectful. For example, in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, the Ministry of Education has developed a curriculum that incorporates Indigenous perspectives across all subject areas, from math and science to language arts and social studies. The curriculum includes lessons on Indigenous history, treaties, and culture, and aims to ensure that students develop a deep understanding of the contributions and experiences of Indigenous Peoples. By taking the time to learn about and honour Indigenous knowledge and culture, we can work towards a more just and equitable society.

Individualism is a double-edged sword that has shaped Western civilization, but also led to the decline of communities . The concept of personal autonomy became the central value of Western society, leading to the principles of one person one vote, civil liberties, and equal rights for all. However, this development has gone hand in hand with the decline of interdependence and solidarity. In other cultures, communal values have traditionally taken precedence, where who you are cannot be separated from the groups you belong to. The benefits of individualism are praised and celebrated when it allows you to be yourself while also being part of society and contributing to it. As a high school student, understanding the balance between individualism and community can help you navigate and understand the world around you, while also allowing you to develop your own identity and contribute positively to society.

Are you curious about the world and the people in it? Do you want to explore the rich and diverse cultures of different ethnic groups? If so, then Ethnic Studies might be the perfect field of study for you! Ethnic Studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the histories, cultures, and experiences of ethnic groups in the United States and around the world. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including race, ethnicity, gender, identity, and social justice. One of the most appealing aspects of Ethnic Studies is its real-world relevance. By studying this field, you'll gain a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and political issues that affect people from different ethnic backgrounds. You'll learn about the struggles and triumphs of marginalized communities, and you'll gain the tools to become an advocate for social change. Ethnic Studies is also a field that is constantly evolving. There are many exciting research projects and innovations happening in this field, from the study of intersectionality to the exploration of the impact of globalization on ethnic communities. Some well-known academic figures in this field include Angela Davis, bell hooks, and Cornel West, who have made significant contributions to our understanding of race, gender, and social justice. At the undergraduate level, students typically take courses in areas such as African American Studies, Asian American Studies, Chicano/Latino Studies, and Native American Studies. These courses cover a wide range of topics, from the history of ethnic communities in the United States to the cultural expressions of these communities. There are also opportunities for further specialization, such as in areas like immigration studies or critical race theory. So, what kind of career can you pursue with a degree in Ethnic Studies? The possibilities are endless! Graduates of this field can go on to work in a variety of industries, including education, government, non-profits, and the arts. Some specific careers might include working as a community organizer, a social worker, a teacher, or a diversity and inclusion specialist. Some notable employers in this field include the Smithsonian Institution, the United Nations, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). To succeed in Ethnic Studies, it's helpful to have a passion for social justice and a desire to learn about different cultures and perspectives. Strong critical thinking and writing skills are also important, as is the ability to work collaboratively with others from diverse backgrounds. So, if you're ready to explore the rich and diverse world of ethnic cultures and histories, consider studying Ethnic Studies. It's a field that will challenge you, inspire you, and prepare you to make a positive impact in the world.

Food is not just about sustenance. It is also a marker of culture, tradition, and identity. However, what happens when this identity is stripped away, and traditional foodways are appropriated? Culinary appropriation is the act of taking a traditional dish, ingredient, or technique from one culture and using it for commercial gain or to create a new fusion dish without proper acknowledgement or respect for its origins. It is a complex issue with deep roots in colonialism. During colonialism, the colonizers imposed their food, language, and culture on the colonized people, effectively erasing their traditional ways of life. They used food to exert power and control over the colonized people, not just through the physical act of food production, but also by using it as a tool of cultural dominance. This process led to the commodification and commercialization of traditional food, leading to the loss of traditional foodways and cultural identity. Culinary appropriation is not just a historical issue. It still happens today, with cultural foods being misappropriated for profit or commercial gain. For example, many traditional Indigenous foods have been misappropriated, leading to the loss of cultural identity and economic benefits. Additionally, many non-Asian restaurants have profited from the popularity of sushi, ramen, and other Asian foods, without acknowledging the cultural roots of these dishes. Leading academics in the field of culinary appropriation and colonialism include Krishnendu Ray, who coined the term "culinary gentrification," and has pointed out that culinary appropriation reinforces a power dynamic in which the colonizer's culture is seen as superior, while the colonized culture is seen as inferior. So, what can we do to combat culinary appropriation? One way is to actively seek out and support local, traditional food producers and restaurants. Additionally, we can educate ourselves and others about the cultural roots of our favorite foods and dishes. It is important to acknowledge the history and traditions behind the food we consume, and to give credit where it is due. Remember, food is not just about taste, it is also about culture, history, and identity. Let's celebrate and respect the traditions and cultural roots of the food we consume.

Canadian singer, Jully Black, made headlines when she sang her country's national anthem at an NBA all-star game and altered the lyrics from "our home and native land" to "our home on native land" in solidarity with indigenous communities. This small change has sparked a larger conversation about Canada's history of oppression and assimilation of indigenous people, and the need for reconciliation. While some have criticized the change, many have praised it as a model for all Canadians. This issue raises important questions about identity, power, and representation, and highlights the role of music and art in social and political activism.

Arundhati Roy's novel "The God of Small Things" explores the tragic events that lead to the separation of fraternal twins Rahel and Estha, set in a town in Kerala, India. Roy's rich language and masterful storytelling earned her the prestigious Booker Prize, as she examines the culture of her native India, including its social mores and colonial history. One of her focuses is the caste system, a way of classifying people by hereditary social class that is thousands of years old. Although the caste system was abolished in 1950, it continued to shape social life in India, routinely marginalizing people of lower castes. Roy warns that the tragic consequences of forbidden relationships between different castes "would lurk forever in ordinary things." Her writing makes constant use of these ordinary things, bringing lush detail to even the most tragic moments. The novel explores the characters' struggles to operate in a world where they don't quite fit, alongside their nation's political turmoil. "The God of Small Things" is a compelling and thought-provoking read that encourages readers to reflect on the complexities of society and human relationships.

Moral relativism is the idea that what is right in one culture may be wrong in another, and there is no way to judge between the two. This means that different people have different moral rules and social customs, and there is no absolute truth of the matter. While this non-judgmental relativism might seem attractive, it can be problematic. For instance, in Nazi Germany, it became socially acceptable to treat Jews, homosexuals, and Gypsies as less than human. A relativist would have to say that this was 'right' for Nazi Germany. Some people go even further and say that everything is relative, including truth. However, the problem with this sort of relativism is that the theory itself would have to be relative. Learning about moral relativism and its limitations can help you develop critical thinking skills and make informed decisions about moral issues.

The hasty division of India and Pakistan in 1947 caused one of the largest refugee crises in history and left lasting scars. Learn about the violence and confusion that ensued, and how it still impacts the region today.

Academic exploration can come from unexpected places, like the story of John Montagu, the 4th Earl of Sandwich. Despite his flaws, Montagu's moment of vision led to the creation of the sandwich, a food now consumed by millions every day. This story highlights the importance of creativity and innovation in academic pursuits. By exploring new ideas and perspectives, students can make important discoveries and contributions to their fields. Additionally, the practical benefits of academic exploration are clear - the ability to think critically and problem-solve are valuable skills in any profession. So, take inspiration from the sandwich and don't be afraid to think outside the box in your academic pursuits.

California's Reparations Task Force is investigating the harms African Americans have faced since 1850 and recommending how to repair the damage for all descendants of enslaved people now residing in the state. Task force member Jovan Scott Lewis, a University of California, Berkeley, associate professor of geography and chair of the geography department, shares his academic focus on reparations, detailed in numerous articles and two recent books. Learn about his books, the work of the task force, and why reparations are due to the descendants of the enslaved.

Ever wondered why corruption levels vary in African countries? A new study suggests that the legacy of colonial rule may be partly to blame. Find out how British colonial rule may have fostered the corruption of local elites (chiefs) and undermined society's trust in them. Discover the significant welfare implications of this on agriculture, natural resources, mining royalties, public goods, and economic development in many African societies.

Utopianism is the belief in a perfect world, or at least a world designed to be perfect. It may seem like an impossible concept, but it has been around for centuries. Many cultures and religions have myths of a perfect society in the past, and there have been all sorts of ideas about a perfect society. Being a utopianist essentially means being a dreamer, and striving for a better world. While utopianism's main flaw is its obsession with perfection, it is important to at least strive for a better world. Learning about utopianism can help you to understand how people have tried to create perfect societies in the past, and the potential pitfalls of such thinking. It can also inspire you to dream big and work towards a better future. So, don't be afraid to be a dreamer and imagine a better world. Who knows, you might just be the one to make it a reality.

Did you know that the treadmill was originally created in the 1800s as a punishment for English prisoners? However, social movements led by religious groups, philanthropies, and celebrities like Charles Dickens sought to change these dire conditions and help reform the prisoners. The treadmill was seen as a fantastic way of whipping prisoners into shape, and that added benefit of powering mills helped to rebuild a British economy decimated by the Napoleonic Wars. Although the original treadmill was banned for being excessively cruel, it returned with a vengeance in the 1970s as a way to improve aerobic fitness and lose unwanted pounds. Learning about the history of the treadmill can help you understand how social movements can bring about positive change and how ideas can evolve over time.

Travel back in time to the Enlightenment era and discover how European thinkers envisioned the future of their continent. Uncover the thoughts of famous philosophers like Rousseau, Voltaire, and Kant, as well as lesser-known voices, in the new book The Idea of Europe: Enlightenment Perspectives. Immerse yourself in debates on political unity, military power, and trade that still ring true today.

Have you ever wondered what life would be like without the state? The idea of living without rulers may seem strange, but it's been done before. Archaeology shows our ancestors lived in peace for thousands of years before armed rulers appeared. Without the state, life would be less complicated, divisive, and confusing. Poverty would be slashed, and enterprise and innovation would flourish without the regulation that favors large corporations. We would do things voluntarily, and our cooperative and charitable nature would flourish. We could even develop a less rigid justice system that benefits from a reduction in crime and fear. The benefits of learning about the state and its role in society are both intellectual and practical. You'll gain a better understanding of the world around you and how it functions. You'll also be equipped with the knowledge to develop structures that self-govern from the bottom up, evolving as times change. So, let's explore the concept of the state together and see how we can thrive without it!