The "Aeneid" by Virgil is an epic poem that aims to capture the unsettled nature of Roman politics in the second half of the 1st century B.C. The poem is written in dactylic hexameter and spans twelve separate sections, the first six of which mirror the structure of the "Odyssey" and the last six echo the "Iliad". By connecting the founding of Rome to the mythological stories that his audience knew so well, Virgil was able to link his hero Aeneas to the character of Augustus. Aeneas is on a quest to establish a new home for his people and faces all kinds of obstacles. Virgil presents Aeneas as a sort of model for Augustus, and that's probably one of the reasons the emperor was so eager to save the poem from destruction. The "Aeneid" has survived to ask questions about the nature of power and authority ever since. By exploring this epic poem, students can gain a deeper understanding of the history and culture of Ancient Rome and the literary techniques used to convey complex ideas.

"Macbeth" by William Shakespeare is a play filled with witchcraft, murder, and political intrigue that still resonates today. The play explores themes of ambition, power, and violence that are as relevant now as they were in the 17th century. Through the story of a Scottish nobleman who steals the throne and presides over a reign of terror, Shakespeare asks important questions about what makes a legitimate king and the consequences of unchecked ambition. The play's memorable characters and phrases have entered our cultural consciousness, and its themes continue to be explored in modern adaptations. By reading and reflecting on "Macbeth," students can develop their understanding of morality, politics, and power, and gain insights into the human condition that are both intellectually and practically valuable.

Pablo Picasso's "Guernica" is a masterpiece of anti-war art that powerfully documents the horrors of the bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. The painting's abstracted Cubist style creates a disorienting and overwhelming view of violence, destruction, and casualties. The use of multiple perspectives compounds the horror on display, sending the eyes hurtling around the frame in a futile hunt for peace. Despite the chaos, carefully crafted scenes and symbols carry out the painting's multifaceted attack on fascism. Decades after its creation, "Guernica" retains its power to shock viewers and ignite debate, making it a searing reminder of the true casualties of violence. By exploring this work, students can develop their critical thinking skills, gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of war and political messaging, and be inspired to use art as a means of social and political protest.

Are you interested in history and how monuments come to be? Then you'll love this article from Smithsonian Magazine that uncovers the true story of how Georgina Schuyler, a direct descendant of Alexander Hamilton and Revolutionary War General Philip Schuyler, saved the Statue of Liberty from irrelevance and ushered in a new identity for the landmark that has endured ever since. Schuyler's campaign to have Emma Lazarus' now-iconic sonnet, "The New Colossus," inscribed on a plaque in the statue's pedestal was just the beginning. Read on to discover how Schuyler's passion for politics and historical preservation led her to save the Statue of Liberty from obscurity.

Pablo Neruda was a celebrated poet of the 20th century who became famous for his accessible and controversial poems. He published his first collection of poems at the age of 19 and went on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Neruda's poems often used straightforward language and everyday experiences to create a lasting impact. He wrote about appreciation for everyday objects and subtleties of love and enchantment. Neruda's work also touched on political strife and a poet's responsibility to speak out against injustice. Despite struggling financially, he took a series of diplomatic jobs in different countries and even saved 2,000 refugees during the Spanish Civil War. Neruda's lines are recited at protests and marches worldwide, making him an influential figure in both the literary and political spheres. By exploring Neruda's poetry, students can gain a deeper understanding of the power of language and the importance of standing up for what they believe in.

Are you interested in learning about the impact of the American Revolution on the French Revolution? The Library of Congress has an article that explores the relationship between the two revolutions and how they were influenced by political theories. You'll also discover the complex roles of women, people of color, and Native Americans during this time. Don't miss out on this fascinating read!

Christopher Hitchens, one of the most incisive minds of our time, meets George Orwell in this thought-provoking essay, where he assesses the life, achievements, and myth of the great political writer. Hitchens examines Orwell's perspectives on fascism, empire, feminism, and Englishness, as well as his outlook on America. Whether thinking about empires or dictators, race or class, nationalism or popular culture, Orwell's moral outlook remains indispensable in a world that has undergone vast changes in the fifty years since his death. This book is a tightly woven and subtle argument that addresses not only why Orwell matters today but how he will continue to matter in a future, uncertain world. Recommended for history buffs, political science students, and anyone interested in the power of language and the role of the writer in society. This book offers a unique perspective on the life and work of George Orwell, one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. Christopher Hitchens' essay is a thought-provoking analysis of Orwell's moral outlook and his perspectives on fascism, empire, feminism, and Englishness, as well as his outlook on America. It is a must-read for those who want to understand the influence of Orwell's writing on our modern world and how his ideas continue to shape our understanding of politics, culture, and society.

One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez is a novel that brings Latin American literature to the forefront of the global imagination. The novel chronicles the fortunes and misfortunes of the Buendía family over seven generations, with its lush, detailed sentences, a large cast of characters, and a tangled narrative. The novel is not an easy read, but it is deeply rewarding, with an epic assortment of intense romances, civil war, political intrigue, globe-trotting adventurers, and more characters named Aureliano than you'd think possible. The novel is one of the most famous examples of a literary genre known as magical realism, where supernatural events or abilities are described in a realistic and matter-of-fact tone, while the real events of human life and history reveal themselves to be full of fantastical absurdity. Beneath the magic is a story about the pattern of Colombian and Latin American history from colonial times onward. This is a history that the author experienced firsthand, and the novel still holds hope for building a better world.

"Midnight's Children" by Salman Rushdie is a novel that takes readers on a magical journey through the history of India and Pakistan. The protagonist, Saleem Sinai, is born at the stroke of midnight on the day of India's independence from British rule, and he and other children born at the same time possess extraordinary powers. The novel explores themes of revolution, migration, and identity, making it a work of postcolonial literature. Rushdie enriches the story with cultural references and magical realism, and his writing challenges readers to question the idea of a single narrative of history. By reading "Midnight's Children," students can gain a deeper understanding of the complex history of India and Pakistan, as well as explore the power of storytelling and the importance of embracing multiple versions of reality.

Chess is more than just a game - it's a tool of military strategy, a metaphor for human affairs, and a benchmark of genius. With a history dating back over one-and-a-half millennia, chess has transcended cultures and continents, evolving into the form we know today. Chess theory was born in Europe, where it became part of courtly education and was used as an allegory for different social classes performing their proper roles. Chess has had a rich and varied history, from the Islamic conquest of Persia to the Cold War, and even today, chess software is capable of consistently defeating the best human players. Learning about the history and strategy of chess can help students develop their critical thinking skills and creativity, and provide insights into human culture and history.

Canadian singer, Jully Black, made headlines when she sang her country's national anthem at an NBA all-star game and altered the lyrics from "our home and native land" to "our home on native land" in solidarity with indigenous communities. This small change has sparked a larger conversation about Canada's history of oppression and assimilation of indigenous people, and the need for reconciliation. While some have criticized the change, many have praised it as a model for all Canadians. This issue raises important questions about identity, power, and representation, and highlights the role of music and art in social and political activism.

Travel back in time to the Enlightenment era and discover how European thinkers envisioned the future of their continent. Uncover the thoughts of famous philosophers like Rousseau, Voltaire, and Kant, as well as lesser-known voices, in the new book The Idea of Europe: Enlightenment Perspectives. Immerse yourself in debates on political unity, military power, and trade that still ring true today.

Uncover the cultural identity of the Qing dynasty's ruling elite! Explore the fascinating question of whether the Manchu and Mongol conquerors who ruled China assimilated into the Han majority culture or maintained their own cultural identity. Discover what possessions and lifestyles of the elites reveal about their cultural identity.

Arundhati Roy's novel "The God of Small Things" explores the tragic events that lead to the separation of fraternal twins Rahel and Estha, set in a town in Kerala, India. Roy's rich language and masterful storytelling earned her the prestigious Booker Prize, as she examines the culture of her native India, including its social mores and colonial history. One of her focuses is the caste system, a way of classifying people by hereditary social class that is thousands of years old. Although the caste system was abolished in 1950, it continued to shape social life in India, routinely marginalizing people of lower castes. Roy warns that the tragic consequences of forbidden relationships between different castes "would lurk forever in ordinary things." Her writing makes constant use of these ordinary things, bringing lush detail to even the most tragic moments. The novel explores the characters' struggles to operate in a world where they don't quite fit, alongside their nation's political turmoil. "The God of Small Things" is a compelling and thought-provoking read that encourages readers to reflect on the complexities of society and human relationships.

Machiavellianism has become a familiar character type in modern TV dramas and Shakespeare's plays. However, we may have been using the term "Machiavellian" wrong all along. Niccoló Machiavelli's political essay, The Prince, focuses on how to acquire and maintain power rather than exhorting his audience to rule justly and virtuously. The Prince gained a diabolical reputation during the European Wars of Religion, with both Catholics and Protestants blaming Machiavelli for inspiring acts of violence and tyranny committed by their opponents. However, Enlightenment figures like Spinoza saw it as a warning to free citizens of the various ways in which they can be subjugated by aspiring rulers. Machiavelli's brutal honesty sought to shatter popular delusions about what power really entails, laying the foundations for future thinkers to study human affairs based on their concrete realities rather than preconceived ideals. Understanding Machiavelli's ideas can help us understand the complex nature of power and politics in our world.

In 1833, Lydia Maria Child shocked readers with her book "An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans," denouncing slavery and exposing its power in US politics. Child, together with a small group of activists, were not just antislavery, but abolitionists, convinced that slavery should end immediately and without compensation to enslavers. Despite facing backlash and sexism, Child's activism inspired the formation of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society and the first national political gathering of Black and white women, leading to legal protection for Black Americans in Massachusetts.

From her unexpected ascent to the throne to her seven-decade rule, Queen Elizabeth II left an indelible mark on the world. Explore the life of Britain's longest-reigning monarch and her journey through triumph and sorrow, conflict and change.

As a high school student, have you ever struggled to stay engaged in complex history lessons? In the summer of 1963, a teacher named Henry Littlefield had a brilliant idea to use "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" to teach American history. He saw connections between the story and the late 19th century Gilded Age, where farmers struggled while industry and finance in the North and East prospered, as well as how the story represented Populism. Littlefield believed that Dorothy represented a typical American girl whose life was turned upside down by powerful forces outside of her control, while the Scarecrow represented the farmer and the Tin Woodman represented the industrial worker. By exploring these connections, students can gain a deeper understanding of the complex social and economic issues of the time. Even though Baum claimed that the book was just an innocent children's story, scholars have found hidden meanings and connections that make it a fascinating subject of study. Learning to uncover hidden meanings and connections in literature can help you become a more critical thinker and better understand the world around you.

Africa has a rich history and culture, but its past is marked by a legacy of colonialism that has had long-lasting effects on its economic and political development. Colonialism is the practice of one country or nation taking control of another country or territory for its own benefit. In Africa, this often involved European powers exerting their influence and control over the continent and its people. The long-term effects of colonialism on Africa's economic development and governance are still being felt today. One of the ways that colonialism impacted economic development in Africa was through the exploitation of natural resources. European powers took advantage of the continent's vast resources, including minerals, timber, and agricultural products, often without properly compensating the local people. This led to the development of an extractive economy that was heavily reliant on exports of raw materials, rather than developing local industries that could add value and create jobs. This legacy of extractive economies has made it challenging for many African countries to diversify and grow their economies. In terms of governance, colonialism also had a significant impact on the political systems and institutions that exist in many African countries today. European powers often imposed their own political systems and values on the continent, disregarding local customs and traditions. This has led to the creation of artificial borders, ethnic and tribal tensions, and a legacy of authoritarian rule that is difficult to overcome. In many cases, African countries have struggled to establish stable and effective governance systems that can provide for their citizens and ensure their well-being. One of the key academic concepts related to the long-term effects of colonialism in Africa is the idea of "neocolonialism." This refers to the continued influence of former colonial powers on African economies and politics, even after independence. For example, many African countries are still reliant on foreign aid and loans from former colonial powers, which can come with strings attached that limit their sovereignty and ability to make decisions that are in the best interests of their citizens. Leading academics in the field of colonialism and its effects on Africa include scholars like Walter Rodney, Frantz Fanon, and Achille Mbembe. These thinkers have written extensively on the subject, providing insights into the historical and contemporary issues that continue to shape the continent. By delving deeper into the complex issues surrounding the long-term effects of colonialism in Africa, students can gain a better understanding of the continent's history and its current challenges, as well as develop critical thinking skills and an appreciation for the complexities of global systems and institutions.

Colonial history is a complex and often painful subject, involving the histories and legacies of colonization, empire, and slavery. In recent years, the concept of colonial history revisionism has been in the spotlight, as scholars, activists, and communities have challenged traditional narratives and sought to center the experiences of those who have been marginalized or silenced. In this write-up, we will explore the key concepts and debates around colonial history revisionism, as well as the contributions of leading academics in the field. Colonial history revisionism involves questioning and re-examining traditional narratives of colonization, empire, and slavery. This can include challenging dominant perspectives that have centered white, European perspectives, and silencing or marginalizing the voices of colonized peoples and enslaved Africans. Revisionism also involves looking at the ways in which colonial legacies continue to shape our world today, from economic inequality to systemic racism. One of the key debates within colonial history revisionism is around the concept of "decolonization." This term refers to the process of undoing the effects of colonization and centering the voices and experiences of colonized peoples. However, there is debate around what decolonization looks like in practice, and whether it is possible within existing structures of power. There are many academics who have contributed to the field of colonial history revisionism. One of the most influential is Edward Said, who wrote extensively on the concept of Orientalism and the ways in which Western perspectives have shaped the study of the "Orient." Another important figure is Frantz Fanon, who wrote about the psychological effects of colonization on the colonized, and the need for a "decolonization of the mind." More recent scholars include Saidiya Hartman, who explores the experiences of enslaved Africans and their descendants, and Jemima Pierre, who looks at the connections between colonialism and the global economy. In conclusion, colonial history revisionism is a vital field of study that challenges traditional narratives and center the voices and experiences of those who have been marginalized or silenced. By exploring this area further, students can deepen their understanding of colonial history and its legacies, and contribute to ongoing efforts to decolonize our world.