What lies behind our excuses? Dr. Paulina Sliwa's research from Cambridge University uncovers the power of intentions in our everyday morality, offering a unified account of excuses - the Good Intention Account. Discover how our underlying motivation affects the plausibility of our excuses and how it can change others' perceptions of our wrongdoing. Dive into the philosophy behind our mundane moral phenomena and explore the difference between explaining bad behavior and excusing it.

In his latest book, Judge Richard Posner challenges legal theory to become more empirical and less polemical. With his witty and passionate prose, Posner delves into a wide range of topics including constitutional theory, gender and race theories, legal reasoning, and legal pragmatism. He analyzes different schools of thought and engages with scholars and judges as different as Bruce Ackerman, Robert Bork, and Ronald Dworkin. This thought-provoking book is unified by Posner's distinctive stance, which is pragmatic in philosophy, economic in methodology, and liberal in politics. If you're looking to explore the role of law in our society, this book is a must-read." Recommended for law students, legal practitioners, and anyone interested in the role of law in society, this book offers a fresh and pragmatic perspective on legal theory. Posner's arguments are relevant to a wide range of fields of studies, including philosophy, economics, and political science. The book engages with topics such as gender, race, and constitutional theory, making it particularly relevant for those interested in social justice and human rights. Additionally, Posner's critique of social constructionism is relevant to those studying sociology and anthropology. Overall, this book will appeal to anyone looking to engage with legal theory in a meaningful and thought-provoking way.

Are you curious about the relationship between law and morality? This book delves into the complex interplay between these two concepts, challenging the popular theories of pragmatism and value pluralism. The author examines the role of a judge's moral convictions in shaping their legal judgments, offering a fresh perspective on the subject. If you're interested in exploring the philosophical dimensions of law and morality, this book is a must-read. Recommended for law students, legal scholars, and anyone interested in the intersection of ethics and law. This book provides a critical analysis of the relationship between law and morality, challenging conventional theories and offering a new perspective. It also has relevance for scholars and students of philosophy, political science, and sociology, who are interested in exploring the complex interplay between ethics and social institutions. Additionally, this book may be of interest to advocates of social justice and human rights, as it raises important questions about the role of morality in shaping legal decisions.

Dive into the fascinating world of legal philosophy with "Exploring Law's Empire". This collection of essays offers a comprehensive examination of Ronald Dworkin's groundbreaking work in the field of constitutionalism and the philosophy of law. Leading legal theorists delve into Dworkin's criticism of legal positivism, his theory of law as integrity, and his contributions to constitutional theory. The book also includes a lengthy response from Dworkin himself, offering further insights into his positions on the central questions of legal and constitutional theory. Whether you're a student or scholar, "Exploring Law's Empire" is the perfect companion for a deep dive into this complex and intriguing subject. Recommended for law students, legal scholars, and anyone interested in the philosophy of law and constitutionalism, "Exploring Law's Empire" offers a comprehensive examination of Ronald Dworkin's work in these fields. The collection of essays provides a detailed analysis of Dworkin's criticism of legal positivism, his theory of law as integrity, and his contributions to constitutional theory. The book is an ideal companion for students and scholars embarking on a study of Dworkin's work, providing a thorough understanding of his positions on the central questions of legal and constitutional theory. Whether you're interested in pursuing a career in law or simply curious about the subject, "Exploring Law's Empire" is a must-read.

Discover the intellectual legacy of Robert Hale, one of the most original thinkers of the first great law and economics movement in the early twentieth century. In this book, you will explore Hale's groundbreaking writings on coercion and consent in market relations, which have made him a renowned figure among contemporary legal academics and philosophers. However, the bulk of his writing offers a profound and elaborated critique of libertarianism, specifically on natural property rights. This book is a must-read for those who seek to understand the complexities of libertarianism and its limitations in the modern world." Recommended for legal scholars, philosophers, and economics enthusiasts, this book offers a unique perspective on the law and economics movement through the work of Robert Hale. Hale's critique of libertarianism's natural property rights is particularly relevant to those interested in political theory, social justice, and economic policy. This book is a valuable resource for anyone seeking to understand the nuances of market relations and the role of coercion and consent in shaping them. It is also a must-read for those interested in the historical development of legal and economic thought.

Do you have a passion for justice and a desire to protect your community? Then a career in Corrections and Security might just be the perfect fit for you! As a Corrections and Security professional, you will be responsible for maintaining order and safety in correctional facilities, detention centers, and other high-security environments. This field is incredibly important, as it helps to ensure that dangerous criminals are kept off the streets and that our communities remain safe. But what makes a career in Corrections and Security so appealing? For starters, it’s a field that is always in demand. As long as there are criminals who need to be incarcerated, there will be a need for skilled and dedicated professionals to keep them in line. This means that you can enjoy job security and stability throughout your career. In addition, a career in Corrections and Security offers a wide range of potential specializations. Whether you’re interested in working in a maximum-security prison or a juvenile detention center, there are plenty of opportunities to find a niche that suits your interests and skills. So what does a typical day in the life of a Corrections and Security professional look like? Your duties may include monitoring inmate behavior, conducting searches for contraband, managing visitation schedules, and responding to emergencies. You may also be responsible for supervising and training other staff members. To pursue a career in Corrections and Security, you’ll typically need to have at least a high school diploma or GED. However, many employers prefer candidates who have completed some college coursework in criminal justice, law enforcement, or a related field. Popular undergraduate programs and majors include Criminal Justice, Criminology, and Psychology. To be successful in this field, it’s important to have strong communication skills, the ability to remain calm under pressure, and a dedication to upholding the law and protecting your community. In terms of job prospects, the outlook for Corrections and Security professionals is generally positive. There is a growing need for these professionals in both the public and private sectors, with notable employers including the Federal Bureau of Prisons, state and local correctional facilities, and private security firms. So if you’re looking for a challenging and rewarding career that allows you to make a real difference in your community, consider exploring the field of Corrections and Security. With the right education, training, and personal attributes, you could be well on your way to a fulfilling and exciting career in this dynamic field.

In "Free Culture", Lawrence Lessig, a leading intellectual property thinker, argues that the power to control creative progress has never been so concentrated in the hands of a few big media players. He questions why our society permits such top-down control and shows us how losing our tradition of free culture means losing our freedom to create, build, and imagine. This thought-provoking book challenges readers to consider the impact of media control on our freedom and creativity. Recommended for students of law, media studies, and political science, "Free Culture" will inspire readers to question the power dynamics of our society and the impact of media control on our freedom. This book will also interest creatives, entrepreneurs, and anyone who values free speech and innovation. Lessig's arguments have implications for a wide range of fields, from technology to the arts, and his insights will be of particular relevance to those interested in the current state of intellectual property and its impact on society.

Law is not just about reading and memorizing laws and regulations, but it is also about understanding the philosophy behind it. Textualism and purposivism are two distinct and opposing schools of thought when it comes to interpreting laws and the Constitution. Textualism is a method of interpretation that focuses on the plain meaning of the text in question. According to textualists, the words used in the law should be given their ordinary meaning and judges should not try to find any hidden meaning in the text. They believe that the purpose of the law should not be considered when interpreting it. Purposivism, on the other hand, is a method of interpretation that considers the purpose behind the law in addition to the text. Purposivists believe that the purpose of the law should be taken into account when interpreting it and that judges should look beyond the plain meaning of the text to understand why the law was created in the first place. Justice Scalia, a leading textualist, argued that textualism is necessary to ensure stability and predictability in the law. He believed that if judges were allowed to consider the purpose behind the law, they would have too much discretion and the law would become too subjective. However, purposivists like Justice Breyer argue that textualism can lead to absurd and unjust results and that considering the purpose of the law is necessary to ensure that the law is fair and just. So, which approach is the right one? The truth is, there is no right or wrong answer. Both textualism and purposivism have their advantages and disadvantages, and the best approach depends on the specific case and the context in which it is being applied.

The Internet was once a haven for innovation and creativity, but in "The Future of Ideas," Lawrence Lessig explains how corporations and Congress have turned it into a virtual gated community. With a lucid and accessible style, Lessig weaves together the history of technology and relevant laws to show how copyright and patent laws are stifling progress and shutting the door to a future of ideas. This call to arms is vital, eloquent, and forthright, and is not to be ignored by anyone interested in the sanctity of intellectual freedom. Recommended for students of law, technology, and social justice, "The Future of Ideas" offers a compelling argument for the protection of intellectual freedom. This book is particularly relevant to those interested in the history of technology and its legal implications, as well as those concerned with the power of corporations and the influence of media magnates on Congress. With its accessible style and call to arms, "The Future of Ideas" is a must-read for anyone who cares about the future of innovation and creativity in the digital age.

Vanuatu, a small Pacific nation, is on the frontline of the climate crisis. With settlements at risk of sinking and extreme weather devastating the islands, the country has declared a state of emergency. But despite emitting almost no greenhouse gases, Vanuatu is on the brink of becoming a climate casualty. Now, with the support of 116 countries, Vanuatu is taking the fight for climate justice to the International Court of Justice. Legal expert Jorge E Viã Uales from Cambridge is advising the country on this historic bid for an advisory opinion.

War crimes are some of the most heinous violations of human rights, and they leave a lasting impact on survivors and their families. The legal response to these crimes has often been slow and inadequate, leading to frustration and a sense of injustice. In this write-up, we will examine the legal system's response to war crimes and its implications for justice. The legal system's response to war crimes involves prosecuting individuals responsible for committing crimes during times of armed conflict. This includes acts such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The International Criminal Court (ICC) is the primary institution responsible for prosecuting these crimes on a global level. The response to war crimes has been slow and inadequate in many cases. One example is the ongoing conflict in Syria, where atrocities have been committed for over a decade, yet there have been few prosecutions. Similarly, the trial of former Bosnian Serb military leader Ratko Mladić took over 20 years to reach a verdict. There are several academic concepts that are relevant to understanding the legal system's response to war crimes. One is the principle of complementarity, which states that the ICC should only prosecute cases when national courts are unwilling or unable to do so. Another concept is the doctrine of universal jurisdiction, which allows countries to prosecute individuals for crimes committed in other countries. Several academics have made significant contributions to the field of war crimes and international law. One such academic is Philippe Sands, whose book "East West Street" explores the origins of international law and its connection to the Holocaust. Another is Naomi Roht-Arriaza, whose work focuses on transitional justice and the role of international criminal law in post-conflict societies. The legal system's response to war crimes is complex and often frustrating for those seeking justice. However, through self-directed exploration of this topic, students can gain a deeper understanding of the legal system's strengths and weaknesses and contribute to the ongoing debate about how best to achieve justice for survivors of war crimes.

Are you interested in helping people resolve conflicts in a peaceful way? If so, a career in mediation may be perfect for you! Mediators are neutral third-party professionals who help individuals and groups reach agreements and resolve disputes. Mediation can be used in a variety of settings, including family disputes, workplace conflicts, and legal disputes. Mediation is a rewarding and fulfilling career that can make a real difference in people's lives. As a mediator, you can help individuals and groups find common ground, understand each other's perspectives, and develop creative solutions to complex problems. You can help people avoid lengthy and costly court battles, and instead find a mutually acceptable resolution that satisfies everyone involved. Mediators often work in a variety of settings, including family court, workplace, schools, and community centers. As a mediator, your duties may include conducting meetings with disputing parties, facilitating communication between them, identifying key issues, helping to generate options for resolution, and drafting agreements. There are many areas of specializations in mediation, including family mediation, business mediation, workplace mediation, environmental mediation, and international mediation. In addition, mediation is closely related to other fields, such as arbitration, negotiation, and conflict resolution. A career in mediation typically requires a minimum of a bachelor's degree, but a master's degree may be preferred. Many mediators come from backgrounds in law, psychology, sociology, and communication studies. Some popular undergraduate programs and majors include psychology, sociology, communication studies, and political science. Helpful personal attributes for a career in mediation include excellent communication and interpersonal skills, patience, empathy, and the ability to remain neutral and impartial in emotionally charged situations. Job prospects for mediators are good, with the field expected to grow as more individuals and organizations seek alternative dispute resolution options. Mediators may work for public agencies, private firms, or be self-employed. Notable potential employers in the public sector include the United Nations, the World Bank, and government agencies. In the private sector, large corporations, law firms, and non-profit organizations may hire mediators.

Are you fascinated by the intricacies of the legal system? Do you have a passion for justice and a desire to make a difference in the world? If so, then Pre-Law might just be the field of study for you! Pre-Law is an exciting and challenging field that explores the foundations of the legal system and prepares students for further study in law school. It is a broad field that covers a range of topics, from constitutional law to criminal justice, and from civil rights to international law. One of the most appealing aspects of Pre-Law is its real-world relevance. The study of Pre-Law is not just about theory and abstract concepts; it is about understanding how the law affects people's lives and how it can be used to make a positive impact on society. For example, Pre-Law students might study landmark cases like Brown v. Board of Education or Roe v. Wade, and learn about the impact these cases had on civil rights and reproductive rights, respectively. Pre-Law is also a field that is constantly evolving, with new research and innovations emerging all the time. For example, recent research has explored the intersection of technology and the law, and how artificial intelligence and machine learning can be used to improve legal outcomes. There are also many well-known academic figures in the field of Pre-Law, such as Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who made significant contributions to civil rights law during her time on the Supreme Court. At the undergraduate level, Pre-Law students typically take courses in areas such as legal writing, ethics, and constitutional law. They may also have the opportunity to specialize in areas such as environmental law, intellectual property law, or immigration law. Some students may go on to pursue further study in law school, while others may use their Pre-Law degree to pursue careers in fields such as politics, journalism, or advocacy. There are many potential careers and roles that a degree in Pre-Law can prepare you for. Some popular options include working as a lawyer, judge, or legal analyst. Other potential roles might include working as a lobbyist, policy analyst, or human rights advocate. Key industries for prospective future employment include law firms, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. Some notable and attractive potential employers from public and private sectors around the world include the American Civil Liberties Union, the United Nations, and the World Bank. To succeed in the field of Pre-Law, it is helpful to have strong critical thinking and analytical skills, as well as excellent communication and writing skills. It is also important to have a passion for justice and a desire to make a positive impact on society. If you are interested in exploring this exciting and dynamic field, then Pre-Law might just be the perfect fit for you!

If you're passionate about helping families navigate the complexities of legal issues, a career in Family Law might be perfect for you! Family Law is a specialized area of law that deals with legal issues surrounding families and domestic relationships. It is a challenging, rewarding and important field that allows you to make a significant difference in the lives of your clients. As a Family Law attorney, you would work to help families with a wide variety of legal issues, including divorce, child custody, adoption, domestic violence, and child support. You would provide legal advice and guidance to clients, help them negotiate settlements and represent them in court if necessary. One of the most rewarding aspects of Family Law is the ability to make a real difference in the lives of your clients. For example, helping a parent gain custody of their child, or helping a family to navigate a complex adoption process can be incredibly fulfilling. Additionally, as a Family Law attorney, you may have the opportunity to work on high-profile cases that have a significant impact on society. Typical duties of a Family Law attorney may include drafting legal documents, representing clients in court, negotiating settlements, and conducting legal research. There are also several areas of specialisation within Family Law, including divorce, child custody, adoption, and domestic violence. To become a Family Law attorney, you will typically need to earn a law degree and pass the bar exam in the state where you wish to practice. Popular undergraduate majors for aspiring Family Law attorneys include political science, sociology, psychology, and pre-law. It's also important to develop excellent research, writing and interpersonal skills. Helpful personal attributes for success in Family Law include strong communication skills, empathy, the ability to remain calm under pressure and to handle conflict with diplomacy. It's also important to have a strong work ethic and the ability to handle a heavy workload. Job prospects for Family Law attorneys are strong, with a growing demand for legal services in this area. You may find employment in a wide range of settings, including private law firms, government agencies, non-profit organizations, and corporations. Some notable potential employers include: Legal Aid Society, which provides legal services to low-income families and individuals. Children's Law Center, which works to improve the lives of children and families through legal advocacy. American Civil Liberties Union, which advocates for the rights of families and individuals in a wide range of legal areas. Family Law Section of the American Bar Association, which provides resources and support for Family Law attorneys. Private law firms specializing in Family Law, such as Cohen & Cohen, P.C. or the Stange Law Firm.

Toblerone chocolate is undergoing a packaging revamp as the iconic Matterhorn mountain peak is removed due to strict "Swissness" rules. Learn about the history of Toblerone and the controversy surrounding its shape change. Discover how protected status for food and drink products can impact producers.

In his book, Robert Bork offers a unique perspective on antitrust law that challenges conventional wisdom. He argues that these laws, often thought to protect consumers, actually do the opposite by favoring inefficient small businesses. Bork also delves into the societal tensions between liberty and equality that are reflected in antitrust law. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in economics, law, or politics, as it sheds new light on an important and often misunderstood topic. Recommended for students of law, economics, and political science, as well as anyone interested in understanding the impact of antitrust law on consumers and small businesses. The insights offered by Bork's analysis of the societal tensions between liberty and equality are also relevant to those studying sociology and philosophy. This book is particularly relevant to those interested in the intersection of law and economics, and the role of government in regulating business practices. It is also a valuable resource for entrepreneurs and small business owners seeking to understand the impact of antitrust laws on their industry.

Are you someone who loves to make fair and just decisions? Do you have a passion for upholding the law and ensuring that justice is served? Then a career as a Judge might be the perfect choice for you! As a Judge, you'll be responsible for presiding over legal proceedings and making decisions based on the evidence presented in court. You'll be the one who ensures that justice is served and that the law is upheld. It's a challenging and rewarding career that requires a great deal of knowledge, skill, and dedication. One of the most appealing aspects of being a Judge is the opportunity to make a real difference in people's lives. You'll have the power to change lives for the better, whether it's by delivering a just verdict in a criminal case or by resolving a civil dispute in a fair and equitable manner. In terms of duties, Judges have a wide range of responsibilities. They may preside over criminal trials, civil lawsuits, or family law cases. They may also have the opportunity to specialize in a particular area of law, such as environmental law, intellectual property law, or international law. To become a Judge, you'll need to have a strong educational background. Most Judges have a law degree and several years of experience practicing law. Some popular undergraduate programs and majors for aspiring Judges include political science, criminal justice, and pre-law. In addition to education and training, there are several personal attributes that can be helpful in a career as a Judge. These include strong analytical skills, excellent communication skills, and the ability to remain impartial and objective in the face of challenging circumstances. Job prospects for Judges are strong, with many opportunities available in both the public and private sectors. Some notable employers include the United States Department of Justice, the United Nations, and major law firms around the world. So if you're looking for a challenging and rewarding career that allows you to make a real difference in people's lives, consider a career as a Judge. With the right education, training, and personal attributes, you could be on your way to a fulfilling and successful career in the legal profession.

Freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democracy and individual liberty, but what happens when it crosses the line into hate speech? Hate speech can be defined as any form of speech or expression that promotes hatred, discrimination, or prejudice against a particular group or individual. The question then arises: where do we draw the line between free speech and hate speech? In the United States, the First Amendment protects the right to free speech, even if it is considered offensive or unpopular. However, there are legal limitations on free speech when it comes to hate speech. The Supreme Court has ruled that hate speech is protected under the First Amendment, except in cases where it directly incites violence. In Canada and many European countries, hate speech laws are much stricter, and individuals can face criminal charges for expressing opinions that are considered hateful. These laws are designed to protect vulnerable groups and promote social harmony. One of the leading academics in this field is Nadine Strossen, a professor at New York Law School and former president of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Strossen argues that the best way to combat hate speech is not through censorship, but through counter-speech and dialogue. She believes that allowing all voices to be heard, even those that we find offensive, is crucial for promoting understanding and preventing violence. Another notable figure in this field is Timothy Garton Ash, a professor of European Studies at the University of Oxford. Ash has argued that social media platforms have a responsibility to regulate hate speech and misinformation, but that censorship should be transparent and consistent with international human rights standards. So, where do we draw the line between free speech and hate speech? It's a complex issue that requires a balance between protecting individual liberty and promoting social harmony. Ultimately, the answer lies in our ability to engage in thoughtful and respectful dialogue, to listen to all voices, and to stand up against hatred and prejudice.

Are you curious about the ongoing copyright wars and their impact on everyday life? "The Copyright Wars" offers a trans-Atlantic history of copyright from its origins to today, revealing how fights over intellectual property have pitted creators, governments, and Hollywood against consumers, pirates, Silicon Valley, and open-access advocates. Peter Baldwin explains the fundamental tension between copyright's role in assuring lasting claims for authors and rights holders, and giving consumers cheap and easy access to shared culture. This compelling and wide-ranging book is essential for understanding a crucial economic, cultural, and political conflict that has reignited in our own time. Recommended for students, researchers, and professionals in law, media, and cultural studies, "The Copyright Wars" offers a fascinating historical perspective on a contemporary issue that impacts everyone who uses digital media. The book explores the tension between strong author's rights, as in Continental Europe, and a focus on giving consumers cheap and easy access to shared culture, as in Britain and America. This tension has shaped the development of copyright law over three centuries and continues to be a major source of conflict today. The book also sheds light on the cultural and economic factors that have driven the evolution of copyright law, making it a valuable read for anyone interested in intellectual property, media, and cultural policy.

Did you know that the gig economy's most successful companies, such as Uber, Deliveroo, and Airbnb, rely on their ability to remain invisible? This invisibility allows them to redefine social responsibilities and deny employee rights to their workers. In this thought-provoking passage, researchers analyse two UK court cases to reveal how these companies have managed to navigate the law and redefine their roles as technological infrastructure. They argue that we must think beyond these platforms as mere foundations upon which other things are built and recognise them as political actors that create relations and roles, shaping the kind of society we live in.