The human body is made up of trillions of cells, with each cell originating deep within our bones. The porous nature of bones allows for large and small blood vessels to enter, with the hollow core of most bones containing soft bone marrow. This marrow is essential, containing blood stem cells that constantly divide and differentiate into red and white blood cells and platelets, sending billions of new blood cells into circulation every day. Blood cancers often begin with genetic mutations in these stem cells, which can result in malignant blood cells. For patients with advanced blood cancers, the best chance for a cure is often an allogeneic bone marrow transplant. This procedure involves extracting blood stem cells from a donor and infusing them into the patient's body, leading to the regeneration of healthy blood cells. While bone marrow transplants come with risks, including graft-versus-host disease, it is crucial to find the best match possible for the recipient. Donor registries offer hope to those without a matched family member. Learning about the importance of bone marrow and stem cells can inspire students to explore the fascinating world of human biology and potentially make a difference in someone's life through donation.

The history of blood transfusions is a fascinating and important academic concept that can benefit high school students in many ways. Learning about the discovery of blood types and the science behind antibodies and antigens can help students understand the human body and the immune system. Additionally, the practical applications of this knowledge are vast, as blood transfusions have saved countless lives throughout history. By exploring this topic through reading, reflection, and self-directed projects, students can gain a deeper understanding of medical advancements and the impact they have on society. This can also inspire students to pursue careers in medical fields, where they can make a difference in the lives of others. Overall, the history of blood transfusions is a compelling and relatable topic that can encourage students to explore academic concepts independently and engage with the world around them.

Have you ever wondered how your genes determine your traits and characteristics? Do you have a passion for science and a desire to unravel the mysteries of life? If so, a career in geneticist might be just what you're looking for! Geneticists are scientists who study genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. They use their knowledge of genetics to understand how traits are passed down from generation to generation, and how genetic mutations can lead to diseases and disorders. One of the most exciting aspects of being a geneticist is the potential to make groundbreaking discoveries that could change the course of medicine and science. For example, geneticists were instrumental in identifying the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. This discovery has led to new treatments and preventative measures for these diseases. As a geneticist, you'll have a variety of duties depending on your area of specialization. Some geneticists work in research labs, conducting experiments and analyzing data. Others work in clinical settings, helping patients to understand their genetic risks and providing counseling and support. There are also geneticists who work in agriculture, conservation, and forensics. To become a geneticist, you'll need to have a strong background in biology, chemistry, and mathematics. Most geneticists have at least a bachelor's degree in a relevant field, such as genetics, biology, or biochemistry. Some may also have a master's or doctoral degree, which can lead to more advanced research and teaching positions. In addition to a strong academic background, there are several personal attributes that can be helpful in a career in genetics. These include a curious and analytical mind, excellent communication skills, and a passion for learning and discovery. The job prospects for geneticists are strong, with a growing demand for their expertise in a variety of industries. Some notable employers of geneticists include pharmaceutical companies like Pfizer and Novartis, research institutions like the National Institutes of Health, and government agencies like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. So if you're interested in a career that combines your love of science with the potential to make a real difference in the world, consider becoming a geneticist. Who knows, you might just be the one to make the next groundbreaking discovery!

The world of science is constantly evolving, and with it comes new discoveries that can benefit humanity. However, there are also risks associated with scientific research, particularly in the field of biotechnology. Gain of function work involves manipulating the DNA of microorganisms to give them new abilities, which can be used in vaccine production and cancer treatments. However, this work also includes engineering superbugs that could cause a global pandemic if they escape from the lab. While virologists argue that this research could help us prepare for future pandemics, critics believe that the risks outweigh the benefits. To minimize the risk of lab leaks, experts suggest creating international databases of leaks, near-misses, and fixes, as well as developing a robust pandemic early warning system. As students, it is important to understand the benefits and risks of scientific research and to be aware of the measures being taken to minimize the risks associated with it.

Discover the secret behind Gram-negative bacteria's armor-like outer membrane! A new study led by Professor Colin Kleanthous at the University of Oxford sheds light on how bacteria like E. coli construct their outer membrane to resemble body armor, with implications for developing antibiotics.

Have you ever wondered what happens to your blood after it's drawn at the doctor's office? Or how doctors diagnose illnesses and diseases? Enter the world of Medical Laboratory Science, where the magic happens behind the scenes. As a Medical Laboratory Scientist, your role is crucial in the healthcare industry. You'll use advanced laboratory techniques and equipment to analyze patient samples, such as blood, tissue, and bodily fluids, to help diagnose and treat diseases. You'll work with a team of healthcare professionals, including doctors and nurses, to provide accurate and timely results that inform patient care. But what makes this career so appealing? For starters, it's a constantly evolving field. With new technologies and discoveries, you'll always be learning and adapting to stay at the forefront of your profession. Plus, you'll have the satisfaction of knowing that your work directly impacts patient outcomes and helps save lives. In terms of duties, Medical Laboratory Scientists can specialize in a variety of areas, such as microbiology, hematology, or immunology. You may also work in related fields, such as research or public health. Typical tasks include analyzing samples, interpreting results, and communicating findings to healthcare providers. To become a Medical Laboratory Scientist, you'll need at least a Bachelor's degree in Medical Laboratory Science or a related field. Popular undergraduate programs include Biology, Chemistry, and Medical Technology. You'll also need to complete a clinical rotation and pass a certification exam. Helpful personal attributes for this career include attention to detail, critical thinking skills, and the ability to work well under pressure. You'll also need strong communication skills to effectively communicate with healthcare providers and patients. Job prospects for Medical Laboratory Scientists are strong, with a projected growth rate of 11% from 2018 to 2028. You can find job opportunities in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, research labs, and government agencies. Notable employers include Mayo Clinic, Quest Diagnostics, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. So if you're interested in a career that combines science, technology, and healthcare, consider exploring the world of Medical Laboratory Science. Who knows - you could be the next person to discover a life-saving breakthrough!

Are you fascinated by the human body and how it works? Do you dream of becoming a doctor and making a difference in people's lives? Then pre-medicine might be the perfect field of study for you! Pre-medicine is a challenging and rewarding field that prepares students for medical school and a career in healthcare. It encompasses a wide range of subjects, from biology and chemistry to anatomy and physiology. Through this field of study, you will gain a deep understanding of the human body and the diseases that affect it. Research in pre-medicine is constantly evolving, with new innovations and breakthroughs being made all the time. For example, recent studies have shown that stem cell therapy may be a promising treatment for a variety of conditions, from heart disease to Parkinson's. Additionally, academic figures like Dr. Anthony Fauci have made significant contributions to the field, particularly in the area of infectious diseases. At the undergraduate level, typical majors and modules include biology, chemistry, and biochemistry. These foundational courses provide a strong basis for further specialization in areas such as neuroscience, pharmacology, or genetics. For example, you could become a specialist in neurology and work with patients who have disorders like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. The potential career paths for pre-med graduates are vast and varied. Many go on to become doctors, working in fields such as pediatrics, cardiology, or oncology. Others pursue careers in related fields, such as medical research or public health. Notable employers include world-renowned hospitals such as the Mayo Clinic and Johns Hopkins, as well as organizations like the World Health Organization and Doctors Without Borders. To succeed in pre-medicine, it's important to have a strong work ethic, a passion for learning, and excellent communication skills. You should also have a keen interest in science and a desire to make a difference in people's lives. In conclusion, pre-medicine is an exciting and challenging field of study that offers a wealth of opportunities for those who are passionate about healthcare. With a strong foundation in biology and chemistry, you can specialize in a variety of areas and pursue a rewarding career in medicine or related fields. So if you're ready to make a difference in the world, consider studying pre-medicine and joining the ranks of healthcare professionals who are changing lives every day.

Stanford University researchers, in collaboration with other institutions, have developed a molecule that prevents the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from twisting and infecting cells, including those with new variants. This new type of antiviral therapeutic, called the longHR2\_42 inhibitor, may be delivered via inhaler to treat early infections and prevent severe illness. The team's detailed understanding of the twisted structure of the virus's spike protein allowed them to create a longer molecule that is more effective than previous attempts to block the virus. Their groundbreaking research may lead to a promising solution to combat COVID-19.

Have you ever wondered why a black eye turns blue, then green, then yellow, and finally brown before disappearing? It's all because of your hemoglobin, the compound in red blood cells that brings oxygen to your body. When you get hit, the blow crushes tiny blood vessels called capillaries, and red blood cells ooze out of the broken capillaries into the surrounding tissue. From the outside of your skin, this mass of cells looks bluish-black, which is where we get the term, "black and blue". Learning about hemoglobin and how it works in your body can be fascinating and practical knowledge that can help you understand how your body works. It's an example of how exploring academic topics through reading, reflection, and writing can inspire you to learn more about the world around you.

Genome-edited CAR T-cells treated a young patient's incurable T-cell leukaemia, leading to complete remission after just 28 days. Designed and developed by researchers at UCL and GOSH, the treatment represents a cutting-edge approach that paves the way for other new treatments and ultimately better futures for sick children.

Are you someone who loves to take care of their skin and is fascinated by the science of it all? Do you have an eye for detail and a passion for helping others look and feel their best? If so, then a career in dermatology might be the perfect fit for you! Dermatology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of skin, hair, and nail conditions. It's a field that's constantly evolving, with new research and technology being developed all the time. As a dermatologist, you'll have the opportunity to work with patients of all ages, from newborns to the elderly, and help them with a wide range of skin issues. One of the most appealing aspects of a career in dermatology is the variety of conditions you'll encounter. From acne and eczema to skin cancer and psoriasis, no two cases are the same. You'll have the chance to use your expertise to diagnose and treat these conditions, as well as perform cosmetic procedures such as Botox injections and laser hair removal. To become a dermatologist, you'll need to complete extensive education and training. This typically includes a four-year undergraduate degree in a science-related field such as biology or chemistry, followed by four years of medical school. After that, you'll need to complete a residency program in dermatology, which can take up to four years. In addition to a strong academic background, there are certain personal attributes that can be helpful in a career in dermatology. These include excellent communication skills, a compassionate nature, and a strong attention to detail. You'll also need to be comfortable working with patients of all ages and backgrounds, and be able to handle the emotional aspects of the job. The job prospects for dermatologists are excellent, with a strong demand for their services in both the public and private sectors. Some notable potential employers include hospitals, clinics, and private practices. You may also have the opportunity to work in research or academia, helping to develop new treatments and technologies for skin conditions. So if you have a passion for skin care and a desire to make a difference in people's lives, a career in dermatology might be the perfect choice for you. With hard work and dedication, you could be on your way to a fulfilling and rewarding career in this exciting field.

Have you ever considered a career in Oncology? As an oncologist, you would be at the forefront of cancer care, helping patients navigate through one of the most challenging times of their lives. Not only would you be making a significant impact on the lives of those affected by cancer, but you would also be part of a field that is constantly evolving and advancing. As an oncologist, you would work with a team of healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat cancer patients. You would be responsible for developing treatment plans, monitoring patients' progress, and providing emotional support to patients and their families. Oncologists also play a vital role in cancer research, helping to develop new treatments and therapies. There are several specializations within the field of oncology, including medical oncology, radiation oncology, and surgical oncology. Medical oncologists focus on using chemotherapy and other medications to treat cancer, while radiation oncologists use radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells. Surgical oncologists, on the other hand, perform surgeries to remove cancerous tumors. To become an oncologist, you will need to complete a medical degree, followed by a residency in oncology. Popular undergraduate programs for aspiring oncologists include biology, chemistry, and pre-med. In addition to formal education, oncologists must possess excellent communication and interpersonal skills, as well as a strong desire to help others. Job prospects for oncologists are excellent, with a growing demand for cancer care worldwide. There are many potential employers in both the public and private sectors, including hospitals, research institutions, and pharmaceutical companies. Notable employers include Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, and the National Cancer Institute. In conclusion, a career in oncology is both challenging and rewarding. By pursuing this career, you would be making a significant impact on the lives of cancer patients and their families, while also contributing to the advancement of cancer research and treatment. So if you have a passion for helping others and a desire to make a difference in the world, consider a career in oncology.

Singapore's national flower, Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim, has had its entire genetic blueprint decoded, revealing natural products with antioxidant properties and distinctive colors. The study, published in Communications Biology, could lead to future research in gene and metabolite engineering, as well as the discovery of bioactive compounds for healthcare purposes. The collaboration between A\*STAR's Genome Institute of Singapore and SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Biodiversity Medicine showcases the power of genetic sequencing technology in preserving and studying Singapore's plant biodiversity.

Did you know that some viruses are actually good for you? Bacteriophages, or phages for short, are natural enemies of bacteria that can protect our health by killing germs that make us sick. Unlike antibiotics, phages are highly specific and won't harm the good microbes in our bodies. With the rise of antibiotic-resistant infections, pharmaceutical companies are giving phages a second look. In fact, a recent clinical trial showed that they work against antibiotic-resistant ear infections. Researchers are also using them to treat infected wounds in veterans and diabetics and to stop the spread of antibiotic-resistant infections. So, if you're interested in learning more about how these tiny viruses can help us fight disease, read on!

Have you ever wondered if there was a way to rejuvenate scars and restore healthy skin? Well, researchers from Imperial College London have found that hair follicle transplants can do just that! In a new study, skin scars were treated with hair follicle transplants and showed remarkable changes towards the profile of healthy, uninjured skin. This opens up new avenues for treating scars and could even change our approach to preventing them.

Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells in the body. The drugs are delivered through pills and injections and are toxic to all cells in the body, including healthy ones. However, cancer cells are more susceptible to the effects of chemotherapy because they multiply rapidly. Chemotherapy drugs can damage hair follicles, cells of the mouth, gastrointestinal lining, reproductive system, and bone marrow, which can cause side effects such as hair loss, fatigue, infertility, nausea, and vomiting. Despite these side effects, chemotherapy has greatly improved the outlook for many cancer patients. Advances in treatment have led to up to 95% survival rates for testicular cancer and 60% remission rates for acute myeloid leukemia. Researchers are still developing more precise interventions to target cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy tissues. Learning about chemotherapy can help high school students understand the science behind cancer treatment and the importance of ongoing research to improve outcomes for patients.

Life Sciences is a fascinating field that encompasses a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, genetics, ecology, and more. If you're interested in studying the natural world and discovering new ways to improve human health and well-being, then a career in Life Sciences might be perfect for you! As a Life Scientist, you'll have the opportunity to explore the mysteries of the natural world, from the smallest organisms to the largest ecosystems. You'll work with cutting-edge technology and tools to conduct research, analyze data, and develop new theories and ideas. Whether you're studying the genetics of disease, the ecology of a particular ecosystem, or the behavior of animals in the wild, you'll be at the forefront of scientific discovery and innovation. Some of the most exciting and meaningful aspects of a career in Life Sciences include the potential to make a real difference in people's lives. For example, you might work on developing new treatments for diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's, or HIV/AIDS, or you might focus on finding ways to protect endangered species and preserve biodiversity. You might also have the opportunity to work with communities around the world to promote sustainable agriculture, improve public health, or address other pressing global challenges. In terms of typical duties, Life Scientists might work in a variety of settings, from academic research labs to government agencies to private companies. Some Life Scientists specialize in particular areas, such as genetics, ecology, or microbiology, while others work across multiple disciplines. Some common tasks might include conducting experiments and collecting data, analyzing results, writing reports and papers, and presenting findings at conferences and other events. To pursue a career in Life Sciences, you'll typically need a strong background in science and math, as well as a Bachelor's degree in a relevant field such as biology, biochemistry, or environmental science. Some popular undergraduate programs and majors include Biology, Environmental Science, and Biomedical Engineering. Helpful personal attributes for a career in Life Sciences might include a strong curiosity and passion for learning, excellent analytical and problem-solving skills, and the ability to work well both independently and as part of a team. You should also be comfortable working with technology and be able to communicate your findings clearly and effectively to others. Job prospects in Life Sciences are generally strong, with many opportunities for growth and advancement in a variety of fields. Some notable potential employers in the public sector include the National Institutes of Health, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In the private sector, companies such as Pfizer, Merck, and Novartis are major players in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries. And of course, there are countless academic institutions and research organizations around the world that offer exciting opportunities for Life Scientists to pursue their passions and make a real impact on the world around them.

Millions of people with IBS and IBD may find relief with Ferrocalm, a natural food supplement containing a friendly strain of live bacteria that has shown in animal models to reduce symptoms during active flare-ups. Developed over 10 years of R&D at the University of Bristol, Ferrocalm aims to alleviate stomach cramps, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation. Clinical trials in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are set for 2024 to test efficacy as a pharmaceutical treatment. Dr. Jenny Bailey, CEO of Ferryx, has spent 15 years researching gut inflammation to find a natural solution to improve quality of life for people who suffer from IBS and other gut conditions.

Learning about the chemistry of onions may not seem like the most exciting academic topic, but it can help you understand how things work in the world around you. When you chop an onion, you're changing its chemistry and releasing a gas that causes your eyes to water. You can slow down the onion's enzymes by storing it in the fridge or boiling it briefly, or you can wear goggles or sunglasses while cutting it. Scientists are even working on creating tear-free onions through genetic modification and traditional plant breeding. Learning about the chemistry of onions can help you appreciate the complexities of the natural world and give you practical skills for your everyday life.

Researchers have identified lipid differences in patients with alcohol-related liver disease that could lead to earlier detection and new treatments. Sphingomyelins were found to be significantly reduced in scarred liver tissue, potentially serving as a biomarker for ALD. Learn more about this breakthrough research and its implications for the diagnosis and treatment of ALD.