The Inca's discovery of naturally occurring titanium dioxide and silica in a rare mineral deposit revolutionized the history of color, leading to the use of the brilliant white pigment in their ceremonial cups, centuries before its invention in the West. Explore the story of the Giacomo Deposit and the Inca's chromatic revolution.

Are you fascinated by the evolution of human civilization? Then you won't want to miss this groundbreaking research by Heriot-Watt University! According to a paper published in Nature Scientific Reports, our ancestors in Europe were using fire for cooking, heating and defense at least 250,000 years ago - 50,000 years earlier than previously thought. The research team used forensic chemical methods to identify incomplete burning molecules at an archaeological site in Spain, providing definitive evidence of human-controlled fire. This discovery sheds new light on our understanding of human development and the role of fire in our evolutionary success.

Are you fascinated by the mysteries of the past? Do you ever wonder how ancient people built massive structures without modern technology? Then you'll love this new discovery! According to Smithsonian Magazine, researchers have found stone engravings that depict desert kites, massive stone structures used by Stone Age hunters to trap wild animals. What's amazing is that these engravings are accurate, to-scale depictions of desert kites that date back to between 7,000 and 8,000 years ago, making them the oldest known realistic plans for large, human-made structures. Read on to learn more about this incredible discovery and what it tells us about the ingenuity of our ancestors.

Have you ever wondered what lies beyond the pages of a closed book? Imagine being able to see the words on the pages without ever opening the cover. This is the exciting concept behind the technology developed by a group at MIT. Using terahertz waves, they can now read through closed books and uncover the hidden information inside. To do this, they had to overcome a series of challenges including the need for a radiation source that can penetrate the paper, the ability to distinguish between different pages, and the recognition of characters that are partially hidden. Learning about these academic concepts not only expands your knowledge of science and technology but also opens up new possibilities for studying antique documents and other important materials. Take the first step towards exploring the unseen world and discover the thrill of uncovering hidden information.

Glass is a material that we use every day, but have you ever wondered how it works? Glass is made from silicon dioxide, which is heated until it becomes a flowing liquid. As it cools, the molecules lose energy and become an amorphous solid, allowing light to pass through without being scattered. The subatomic level of glass is what makes it transparent, as the electrons in glass are spaced far enough apart that visible light can't provide enough energy for them to jump between them. This unique property has made glass an essential material for many uses, from windows to lenses. Understanding the science behind glass can help you appreciate the importance of this material in modern civilization.

Have you ever wondered how art restorers save valuable and historical works of art from decay and damage? The process is intricate and fascinating, and it involves a deep understanding of various disciplines, including art history, chemistry, and materials science. In this write-up, we will explore some of the most priceless artworks that have been restored, the restoration process, and the academic concepts that underpin it. Did you know that the famous painting "The Night Watch" by Rembrandt was attacked with a knife in 1975, causing significant damage? Thanks to years of careful and meticulous restoration, the painting has been saved and is now on display at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. The restoration process included the removal of the varnish layer, fixing the canvas, and repainting the damaged areas. This process required a thorough understanding of the chemical and physical properties of the materials used in the painting and the techniques employed by the artist. Similarly, the 15th-century frescoes in the Sistine Chapel in Rome underwent a major restoration process between 1980 and 1994. The restorers faced challenges such as centuries of accumulated dirt, smoke damage from candles, and cracks caused by the movement of the building. The restoration team used innovative techniques such as laser cleaning and microsurgical tools to delicately remove the dirt and paint layers, revealing the original vibrancy and beauty of the frescoes. Leading academics in the field of art restoration, such as James Beck and John Brealey, have made significant contributions to the understanding and advancement of restoration techniques. Beck's research focused on the preservation of historic works of art, while Brealey explored the impact of air pollution on paintings. Art restoration is a captivating field that combines art, science, and history. By exploring this topic further, you can gain a deeper appreciation for the work that goes into preserving priceless treasures for future generations to enjoy.

The study published in PLOS ONE reveals the discovery of Roman gold coins that were previously thought to be fake for over 150 years. The coins, which are now scientifically proven to be authentic, shed light on the long-lost emperor Sponsian and his reign. The coins were found in an isolated gold mining outpost in Roman Dacia, providing insight into the area's untold story.

Have you ever wondered what life was like thousands of years ago? Do you have a passion for exploring the mysteries of the past? If so, a career in archaeology might be just the thing for you! Archaeology is the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation and analysis of artifacts, structures, and other physical remains. It's a fascinating field that combines science, history, and detective work to uncover the secrets of our ancestors. As an archaeologist, you could find yourself working on a variety of projects, from excavating ancient ruins to studying the remains of early human civilizations. You might specialize in a particular area, such as underwater archaeology, or focus on a specific time period, such as the ancient Egyptians or the Mayans. Typical duties of an archaeologist include conducting fieldwork and excavations, analyzing and interpreting data, and writing reports on findings. You might also work with other professionals, such as historians, geologists, or anthropologists, to gain a better understanding of the past. To become an archaeologist, you'll typically need a bachelor's degree in archaeology, anthropology, or a related field. Many universities offer undergraduate programs in archaeology, and some even have specialized majors, such as archaeology and art history or archaeology and classics. Helpful personal attributes for a career in archaeology include a love of history and a passion for discovery. You should also be detail-oriented, patient, and able to work well in a team. The job prospects for archaeologists are good, with a projected growth rate of 5% over the next decade. There are many potential employers in both the public and private sectors, including museums, universities, government agencies, and consulting firms. Some notable employers in the field of archaeology include the Smithsonian Institution, the National Park Service, and the Archaeological Institute of America. With a career in archaeology, you could have the opportunity to work on exciting projects all over the world, from the pyramids of Egypt to the ruins of Machu Picchu. So if you're ready to dig deep into the past and uncover the secrets of our ancestors, a career in archaeology might be just what you're looking for!

Teflon, a material that doesn't stick to anything, was stumbled upon accidentally in 1938 by a chemist named Roy Plunkett. Teflon's properties make it perfect for things that need to be slippery, chemical-resistant, or waterproof, which means it has a lot of applications. It can be found all over the place, from raincoats to industrial ball bearings to artificial joints. The incredible properties of PTFE, the chemical name for Teflon, come from its molecular structure. It's a polymer, meaning it's made of long chains of repeating units of atoms strung together. PTFE has tight carbon-fluorine bonds that ignore the normal, intermolecular forces that help substances stick to each other. Even the famously adhesive feet of geckos usually can't get a grip on it. Learning about the properties of materials like Teflon can inspire independent exploration of science and engineering, which can lead to exciting career opportunities in fields like materials science and chemical engineering.

Marine archaeologists and explorers embark on a daring mission to locate Sir Ernest Shackleton's lost ship, Endurance, trapped in the treacherous Antarctic sea-ice for over 100 years. Despite failed attempts, the fascination with Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition and the legendary escape of his men fuels the search for this elusive shipwreck. With new technology and tactics, the Endurance22 project sets out to make history and answer the question: what would it mean to find the Endurance?

Pyrex, the first-ever consumer cooking products made with temperature-resistant glass, revolutionized the way we think about glass and fueled an interest in more durable materials. Learn about the history of Pyrex and its impact on the functional design of cookware in an exhibit at the Corning Museum of Glass. Discover how home economics and the role of women in academia, public education, industry, and government influenced the development of Pyrex.

This story of Harry Coover, a chemist during World War II, highlights the importance of persistence and creative thinking in academic pursuits. Coover and his team encountered challenges in their research, but instead of giving up, they looked for alternative uses for the materials they were working with. This led to the creation of super glue, which has saved countless lives in medical settings. This story shows that academic curiosity and perseverance can lead to unexpected discoveries with practical applications. By exploring academic topics through reading, reflection, and self-directed projects, students can develop the skills needed to tackle complex problems and make meaningful contributions to society.

Have you ever wondered what life was like for our ancestors thousands of years ago? Do you have a passion for uncovering the mysteries of the past? If so, then archaeology might just be the perfect field of study for you! Archaeology is the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation, analysis, and interpretation of artifacts, structures, and other physical remains. As an archaeologist, you'll have the opportunity to explore ancient civilizations, uncover hidden treasures, and piece together the stories of our collective past. One of the most appealing aspects of archaeology is the sense of discovery and adventure that comes with the field. Imagine being the first person in centuries to lay eyes on a long-lost temple or uncovering a buried treasure trove of ancient artifacts. Archaeologists are constantly pushing the boundaries of what we know about our past, and the thrill of discovery is a major draw for many students. In terms of research and academic discourse, archaeology is a constantly evolving field with new discoveries and innovations being made all the time. From the study of ancient DNA to the use of cutting-edge technology like LiDAR to map archaeological sites, there are always exciting new developments to explore. At the undergraduate level, typical majors and modules in archaeology might include courses in archaeological theory, excavation techniques, and artifact analysis. From there, students can specialize in a range of areas, from the study of ancient civilizations like the Greeks and Romans to the analysis of prehistoric societies in Africa or the Americas. In terms of future career prospects, there are a wide range of options available to archaeology graduates. Many go on to work in museums, cultural heritage organizations, or government agencies, while others pursue careers in academia or private consulting firms. Notable employers in the field include the Smithsonian Institution, National Geographic, and UNESCO. To succeed in archaeology, it's important to have a strong sense of curiosity and a passion for history and culture. Attention to detail, critical thinking skills, and the ability to work well in a team are also essential. If you're interested in exploring the mysteries of the past and uncovering the stories of our ancestors, then a degree in archaeology might just be the perfect fit for you!

Unravel the mysteries of ancient texts, including a stamped clay disk, Easter Island tablets, and a 16th-century world map. Discover the secrets of the Minoan kingdom and the Voynich manuscript. Join the search for answers to these enigmatic artifacts.

Plastics have become ubiquitous in our daily lives, but few of us know the history behind this versatile material. The first plastic was created in 1863 by an American named John Wesley Hyatt, who invented celluloid, made from cellulose found in wood and straw. This discovery led to a cascade of new plastics, including bakelite, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, acrylics, and nylon. Plastics have replaced other materials like wood, glass, and fabric in furniture, clothing, and packaging. While plastics have brought convenience and cost-effectiveness, they have also created staggering environmental problems. Many plastics are made of nonrenewable resources, and plastic packaging was designed to be single-use, but some plastics take centuries to decompose, creating a huge buildup of waste. By learning about plastics, students can understand how science and innovation have shaped our world, and they can explore ways to address the environmental problems associated with plastic use.

Are you interested in using your creativity and problem-solving skills to make a positive impact on the world? Then a career in chemical engineering might be right up your alley! Chemical engineering is a field that combines knowledge of chemistry, physics, and mathematics to design and develop new products and processes. As a chemical engineer, you could work in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, energy, food and beverage, and more. For example, you might work on developing new medicines to treat diseases, or on designing more efficient and sustainable ways to produce energy. One exciting aspect of chemical engineering is the potential for innovation and discovery. For example, chemical engineers have been instrumental in developing new materials like graphene, which has the potential to revolutionize industries from electronics to transportation. In terms of day-to-day duties, chemical engineers might be involved in everything from designing experiments and analyzing data to overseeing production processes and troubleshooting problems that arise. There are also many areas of specialization within the field, such as materials science, process design, and environmental engineering. To become a chemical engineer, you'll typically need to earn a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering or a related field. Some popular undergraduate programs include the chemical engineering programs at MIT, UC Berkeley, and the University of Texas at Austin. In addition to technical knowledge, there are a few personal attributes that can be helpful in a career in chemical engineering. These include strong problem-solving skills, attention to detail, and the ability to communicate complex ideas clearly and effectively. As for job prospects, chemical engineering is a field with plenty of opportunities for growth and advancement. Some notable employers include companies like Procter & Gamble, ExxonMobil, and DuPont, as well as government agencies like the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy. In conclusion, if you're interested in using your scientific knowledge to make a difference in the world, a career in chemical engineering might be the perfect fit for you. With plenty of opportunities for innovation and growth, this field offers the chance to make a real impact on society and the environment. So why not explore this exciting career path today?

The history of gunpowder is not just about explosions and destruction, but also about invention and innovation. The ancient Chinese alchemists who created the flammable powder that would later become gunpowder were actually trying to create a potion for immortality. While they never found the secret to eternal life, they did discover something that would shape all of civilization. Gunpowder has been used for both good and bad, from creating fireworks to defend against invaders. Learning about the history of gunpowder can inspire us to explore the science behind it and the ways it has impacted our world. By understanding the properties of gunpowder, we can appreciate the beauty of fireworks and the power of scientific discovery.

Are you fascinated by the science behind materials? Do you enjoy exploring and testing the properties of different materials? If so, a career in Materials Engineering might be the perfect fit for you! As a Materials Engineer, you will work to develop and improve the materials used in a wide range of products, from electronics to construction materials. You will use your knowledge of chemistry and physics to analyze the properties of different materials and determine how they can be optimized for specific applications. One exciting aspect of this field is the potential for innovation. For example, Materials Engineers have been instrumental in the development of new materials like graphene, which has the potential to revolutionize industries such as electronics and aerospace. Typical duties in this field include conducting experiments and tests to analyze the properties of materials, designing and developing new materials, and collaborating with other engineers and scientists to improve existing products. There are also many areas of specialization within Materials Engineering, such as biomaterials, nanomaterials, and metallurgy. To become a Materials Engineer, you will typically need a bachelor's degree in Materials Science or a related field. Popular undergraduate programs and majors include Materials Science and Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Physics. Helpful personal attributes for success in this field include strong analytical skills, attention to detail, and a passion for problem-solving. You should also have excellent communication skills, as you will often be working closely with teams of other engineers and scientists. Job prospects for Materials Engineers are strong, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics projecting a 2% increase in employment from 2019 to 2029. There are many potential employers in both the public and private sectors, including companies like Apple, Boeing, and NASA. In summary, a career in Materials Engineering offers the opportunity to work on cutting-edge projects, develop new and innovative materials, and contribute to a wide range of industries. If you have a passion for science and a desire to make a real impact, this might be the perfect career for you!

The future of resource extraction lies in space exploration. Asteroids, leftovers from the formation of the planet 4.5 billion years ago, contain rare and precious materials such as platinum, iron, and nickel. The mining industry on Earth is harmful to the environment and people, but space mining could provide a clean and sustainable alternative. Cheaper space travel is necessary to make asteroid mining profitable, and scientists and economists are working on solutions such as electric spaceships. Once a stable asteroid is secured, space mining and processing equipment can extract valuable materials through a process that uses giant mirrors to focus sunlight and heat up asteroid rock. Even a small percentage of a single asteroid's mass in precious metals could be worth billions of dollars. The benefits of space exploration and asteroid mining are vast, and the possibilities for discovery and innovation are endless.

Can we develop a mechanical method to detect explosives as effectively as bomb-sniffing dogs? Researchers from MIT Lincoln Laboratory are using a mass spectrometer to measure explosive vapors and understand the requirements for creating an operational explosive detection system that could work in tandem with the canine fleet to improve current airport security systems. The team's research is supported by the Department of Homeland Security's Detection Canine Program and the Next-Generation Explosives Trace Detection program. This innovative research could lead to a faster and more streamlined passenger experience and support the development of technology that remains resilient against evolving security threats