Maya Angelou's memoir, "I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings," is a powerful narrative that explores the importance of speaking up and confronting uncomfortable realities. Angelou's story is a journey of rediscovering her voice after being sexually assaulted as a child and experiencing racism and poverty in the segregated US. Despite being challenged and banned in many schools and libraries, the memoir offers valuable insights into the dangers of censorship and silence. By reading about Angelou's experiences, students can learn about the importance of speaking up, confronting difficult truths, and overcoming adversity. Angelou's memoir is a groundbreaking work that explores themes of sexual abuse and racism from the perspective of the abused child, providing a sense of hope that combats the often traumatic subject matter. Reading this memoir can help students develop critical thinking skills, empathy, and an appreciation for diverse experiences.

Did you know that many traditional school curricula in North America were designed to erase the history and culture of Indigenous People? This approach to education perpetuates a harmful colonial legacy, reinforcing the oppression and marginalization of Indigenous communities. However, there is a growing movement to revise the education system and ensure that Indigenous perspectives are included and valued in our classrooms. At the heart of this movement is the concept of "decolonization," which refers to the process of dismantling colonial structures and systems of oppression. In the context of education, decolonization means recognizing and honouring the knowledge, culture, and history of Indigenous Peoples, and incorporating these perspectives into the curriculum in meaningful ways. Leading scholars in this field include Linda Tuhiwai Smith, a Maori scholar from New Zealand who wrote the groundbreaking book "Decolonizing Methodologies"; and Eve Tuck, a scholar and activist from the Unangax and Aleut communities of Alaska who has written extensively on the need for a more critical and ethical approach to research and education. But what does decolonizing education look like in practice? It can involve incorporating Indigenous literature, history, and perspectives into existing courses; developing new courses that focus on Indigenous knowledge and culture; and working with Indigenous communities to ensure that education is culturally relevant and respectful. For example, in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, the Ministry of Education has developed a curriculum that incorporates Indigenous perspectives across all subject areas, from math and science to language arts and social studies. The curriculum includes lessons on Indigenous history, treaties, and culture, and aims to ensure that students develop a deep understanding of the contributions and experiences of Indigenous Peoples. By taking the time to learn about and honour Indigenous knowledge and culture, we can work towards a more just and equitable society.

The concept of race is a social construct that has changed dramatically over time. It is not a biological reality, but it does have real-world implications for individuals, influencing everything from the type of healthcare and education they have access to, to how they are perceived by others. While race may be a political tool that changes depending on its usefulness to those doing the categorization, the shared cultural similarities that have emerged from shared racial identities are still beautiful and important. Understanding the history and origins of race can help us see it for what it really is - a manifestation of power. While we may continue to classify people, we have the opportunity to view all of these things as a spectrum, rather than trying to fit people into new boxes. By choosing the stories we tell, we can find new ways to exist better together.

Individualism is a double-edged sword that has shaped Western civilization, but also led to the decline of communities . The concept of personal autonomy became the central value of Western society, leading to the principles of one person one vote, civil liberties, and equal rights for all. However, this development has gone hand in hand with the decline of interdependence and solidarity. In other cultures, communal values have traditionally taken precedence, where who you are cannot be separated from the groups you belong to. The benefits of individualism are praised and celebrated when it allows you to be yourself while also being part of society and contributing to it. As a high school student, understanding the balance between individualism and community can help you navigate and understand the world around you, while also allowing you to develop your own identity and contribute positively to society.

Are you curious about the world and the people in it? Do you want to explore the rich and diverse cultures of different ethnic groups? If so, then Ethnic Studies might be the perfect field of study for you! Ethnic Studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the histories, cultures, and experiences of ethnic groups in the United States and around the world. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including race, ethnicity, gender, identity, and social justice. One of the most appealing aspects of Ethnic Studies is its real-world relevance. By studying this field, you'll gain a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and political issues that affect people from different ethnic backgrounds. You'll learn about the struggles and triumphs of marginalized communities, and you'll gain the tools to become an advocate for social change. Ethnic Studies is also a field that is constantly evolving. There are many exciting research projects and innovations happening in this field, from the study of intersectionality to the exploration of the impact of globalization on ethnic communities. Some well-known academic figures in this field include Angela Davis, bell hooks, and Cornel West, who have made significant contributions to our understanding of race, gender, and social justice. At the undergraduate level, students typically take courses in areas such as African American Studies, Asian American Studies, Chicano/Latino Studies, and Native American Studies. These courses cover a wide range of topics, from the history of ethnic communities in the United States to the cultural expressions of these communities. There are also opportunities for further specialization, such as in areas like immigration studies or critical race theory. So, what kind of career can you pursue with a degree in Ethnic Studies? The possibilities are endless! Graduates of this field can go on to work in a variety of industries, including education, government, non-profits, and the arts. Some specific careers might include working as a community organizer, a social worker, a teacher, or a diversity and inclusion specialist. Some notable employers in this field include the Smithsonian Institution, the United Nations, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). To succeed in Ethnic Studies, it's helpful to have a passion for social justice and a desire to learn about different cultures and perspectives. Strong critical thinking and writing skills are also important, as is the ability to work collaboratively with others from diverse backgrounds. So, if you're ready to explore the rich and diverse world of ethnic cultures and histories, consider studying Ethnic Studies. It's a field that will challenge you, inspire you, and prepare you to make a positive impact in the world.

Food is not just about sustenance. It is also a marker of culture, tradition, and identity. However, what happens when this identity is stripped away, and traditional foodways are appropriated? Culinary appropriation is the act of taking a traditional dish, ingredient, or technique from one culture and using it for commercial gain or to create a new fusion dish without proper acknowledgement or respect for its origins. It is a complex issue with deep roots in colonialism. During colonialism, the colonizers imposed their food, language, and culture on the colonized people, effectively erasing their traditional ways of life. They used food to exert power and control over the colonized people, not just through the physical act of food production, but also by using it as a tool of cultural dominance. This process led to the commodification and commercialization of traditional food, leading to the loss of traditional foodways and cultural identity. Culinary appropriation is not just a historical issue. It still happens today, with cultural foods being misappropriated for profit or commercial gain. For example, many traditional Indigenous foods have been misappropriated, leading to the loss of cultural identity and economic benefits. Additionally, many non-Asian restaurants have profited from the popularity of sushi, ramen, and other Asian foods, without acknowledging the cultural roots of these dishes. Leading academics in the field of culinary appropriation and colonialism include Krishnendu Ray, who coined the term "culinary gentrification," and has pointed out that culinary appropriation reinforces a power dynamic in which the colonizer's culture is seen as superior, while the colonized culture is seen as inferior. So, what can we do to combat culinary appropriation? One way is to actively seek out and support local, traditional food producers and restaurants. Additionally, we can educate ourselves and others about the cultural roots of our favorite foods and dishes. It is important to acknowledge the history and traditions behind the food we consume, and to give credit where it is due. Remember, food is not just about taste, it is also about culture, history, and identity. Let's celebrate and respect the traditions and cultural roots of the food we consume.

Board games can be a fun pastime, but what happens when they reinforce prejudices and glorify colonial domination? Researchers at MIT and Dartmouth delve into the history of board games in their new book, "Playing Oppression," and analyze the assumptions baked into many of them. From the problematic elements of "Puerto Rico" to the glorification of empire-building in games like "Empires: Age of Discovery," this book sheds light on the legacy of conquest and empire in colonialist board games.

Why have so many Native Americans fought for a country that has colonized and broken promises to them for centuries? The Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian is exploring this question in a new book and exhibition, "Why We Serve: Native Americans in the United States Armed Forces". The book highlights the unique traditions and motivations that Indigenous people bring to their military service, challenging stereotypes and shedding light on a long history of devotion to the U.S. military.

Colonial history is a complex and often painful subject, involving the histories and legacies of colonization, empire, and slavery. In recent years, the concept of colonial history revisionism has been in the spotlight, as scholars, activists, and communities have challenged traditional narratives and sought to center the experiences of those who have been marginalized or silenced. In this write-up, we will explore the key concepts and debates around colonial history revisionism, as well as the contributions of leading academics in the field. Colonial history revisionism involves questioning and re-examining traditional narratives of colonization, empire, and slavery. This can include challenging dominant perspectives that have centered white, European perspectives, and silencing or marginalizing the voices of colonized peoples and enslaved Africans. Revisionism also involves looking at the ways in which colonial legacies continue to shape our world today, from economic inequality to systemic racism. One of the key debates within colonial history revisionism is around the concept of "decolonization." This term refers to the process of undoing the effects of colonization and centering the voices and experiences of colonized peoples. However, there is debate around what decolonization looks like in practice, and whether it is possible within existing structures of power. There are many academics who have contributed to the field of colonial history revisionism. One of the most influential is Edward Said, who wrote extensively on the concept of Orientalism and the ways in which Western perspectives have shaped the study of the "Orient." Another important figure is Frantz Fanon, who wrote about the psychological effects of colonization on the colonized, and the need for a "decolonization of the mind." More recent scholars include Saidiya Hartman, who explores the experiences of enslaved Africans and their descendants, and Jemima Pierre, who looks at the connections between colonialism and the global economy. In conclusion, colonial history revisionism is a vital field of study that challenges traditional narratives and center the voices and experiences of those who have been marginalized or silenced. By exploring this area further, students can deepen their understanding of colonial history and its legacies, and contribute to ongoing efforts to decolonize our world.

Canadian singer, Jully Black, made headlines when she sang her country's national anthem at an NBA all-star game and altered the lyrics from "our home and native land" to "our home on native land" in solidarity with indigenous communities. This small change has sparked a larger conversation about Canada's history of oppression and assimilation of indigenous people, and the need for reconciliation. While some have criticized the change, many have praised it as a model for all Canadians. This issue raises important questions about identity, power, and representation, and highlights the role of music and art in social and political activism.

Book banning attempts in the US have reached an "unprecedented" high, with current efforts reminiscent of Nazi book burnings in the 1930s. A Stanford lecturer discusses how approaches to book banning have evolved and how teachers, librarians, and parents are targeted and threatened in the contemporary push for book banning.

Xenophobia is the fear and hatred of foreigners, and it has a long history. In today's political climate, it is shaping political debates and causing harm to marginalized groups. Though it is not the same as racism, the two are often related. Xenophobic fears are easy to stir when inequality increases, and the pain felt by the so-called natives is turned onto the foreigner. However, society can tackle this trend by being more equal and providing for all. Learning about xenophobia and its effects can help us understand the world around us and work towards a more inclusive society. By exploring academic concepts like xenophobia, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world and the issues that affect us. This understanding can help us become more empathetic and informed citizens, and ultimately lead to a better world for all.

Are you passionate about social justice and equality? Do you believe that everyone deserves to be treated fairly, regardless of their gender identity or expression? If so, a career in Gender Studies might be just the thing for you! Gender Studies is an interdisciplinary field that explores the ways in which gender shapes our lives and experiences. This includes examining issues such as gender inequality, gender-based violence, and the ways in which gender intersects with other aspects of our identities, such as race, class, and sexuality. As a Gender Studies professional, you'll have the opportunity to work in a variety of roles and settings. You could become a researcher, conducting studies that shed light on important social issues and inform policy decisions. You could also become an educator, teaching students about the complexities of gender and helping them to develop critical thinking skills. Or, you could become an advocate, working to promote gender equity and social justice in your community and beyond. Some potential areas of specialization within Gender Studies include LGBTQ+ studies, feminist theory, and masculinity studies. Other related fields include sociology, anthropology, and psychology. To pursue a career in Gender Studies, you'll typically need at least a bachelor's degree in a related field, such as Women's Studies or Sociology. Some popular undergraduate programs and majors include Gender and Sexuality Studies, Women's and Gender Studies, and Social Justice and Equity Studies. Helpful personal attributes for a career in Gender Studies include empathy, critical thinking skills, and a commitment to social justice. You should also be comfortable working with people from diverse backgrounds and be able to communicate effectively with a wide range of audiences. Job prospects in the field of Gender Studies are promising, with opportunities available in both the public and private sectors. Some notable employers include the United Nations, non-profit organizations such as Planned Parenthood and the Human Rights Campaign, and government agencies such as the Department of Justice and the Department of Education. In the longer term, the outlook for Gender Studies professionals is positive, as more and more organizations recognize the importance of diversity, equity, and inclusion. So if you're passionate about social justice and want to make a difference in the world, consider a career in Gender Studies!

Are you fascinated by the complexities of religion and its impact on society? Do you have a deep desire to understand the beliefs and practices of different cultures around the world? Then, Religious Studies may be the perfect field of study for you! Religious Studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the diverse aspects of religion, including its history, philosophy, theology, literature, ethics, and social and cultural practices. This field of study is not just about exploring religious beliefs and practices but also about understanding how religion shapes society and human behavior. One of the fascinating aspects of Religious Studies is that it provides a unique opportunity to explore the diverse religious traditions of the world. From the ancient myths of Greece and Rome to the teachings of Buddha and the Quran, Religious Studies offers a broad and diverse range of topics to explore. The field of Religious Studies has also seen some exciting research and innovations in recent years. Scholars in this field have explored the role of religion in politics, the impact of religion on mental health, and the relationship between religion and science. Some of the notable academic figures in this field include Karen Armstrong, Huston Smith, and Elaine Pagels, who have made significant contributions to our understanding of religion and its impact on society. At the undergraduate level, Religious Studies majors typically study various religious traditions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Students may also choose to specialize in specific areas such as philosophy of religion, ethics, or the study of religion and culture. With a degree in Religious Studies, there are many potential career paths to explore. Graduates may find work in fields such as education, journalism, law, social work, or non-profit organizations. Key industries for prospective future employment include religious organizations, educational institutions, and government agencies. Notable employers in this field include the United Nations, the World Council of Churches, and the American Red Cross. To succeed in Religious Studies, students should possess strong critical thinking skills, a passion for learning about different cultures and religions, and an open mind. A background in history, philosophy, or anthropology can also be helpful in this field. In conclusion, the study of Religious Studies offers a unique and exciting opportunity to explore the diverse religious traditions of the world and their impact on society. With a degree in this field, graduates can pursue a range of fulfilling and meaningful careers, making a positive impact on the world around them.

Utopianism is the belief in a perfect world, or at least a world designed to be perfect. It may seem like an impossible concept, but it has been around for centuries. Many cultures and religions have myths of a perfect society in the past, and there have been all sorts of ideas about a perfect society. Being a utopianist essentially means being a dreamer, and striving for a better world. While utopianism's main flaw is its obsession with perfection, it is important to at least strive for a better world. Learning about utopianism can help you to understand how people have tried to create perfect societies in the past, and the potential pitfalls of such thinking. It can also inspire you to dream big and work towards a better future. So, don't be afraid to be a dreamer and imagine a better world. Who knows, you might just be the one to make it a reality.

Arundhati Roy's novel "The God of Small Things" explores the tragic events that lead to the separation of fraternal twins Rahel and Estha, set in a town in Kerala, India. Roy's rich language and masterful storytelling earned her the prestigious Booker Prize, as she examines the culture of her native India, including its social mores and colonial history. One of her focuses is the caste system, a way of classifying people by hereditary social class that is thousands of years old. Although the caste system was abolished in 1950, it continued to shape social life in India, routinely marginalizing people of lower castes. Roy warns that the tragic consequences of forbidden relationships between different castes "would lurk forever in ordinary things." Her writing makes constant use of these ordinary things, bringing lush detail to even the most tragic moments. The novel explores the characters' struggles to operate in a world where they don't quite fit, alongside their nation's political turmoil. "The God of Small Things" is a compelling and thought-provoking read that encourages readers to reflect on the complexities of society and human relationships.

Unesco has added the baguette to its "intangible cultural heritage" list, celebrating the French way of life. Despite its decline in recent years, the baguette remains key to French identity and a daily ritual, synonymous with sharing and conviviality. Discover the history, artisanal know-how, and social habits behind this iconic bread that affects all socio-cultural categories, whether you're rich or poor.

The ancient Romans were known for their brutal and violent approach to punishment, and one of the most notorious forms of execution was the practice of damnatio ad bestias. This involved throwing condemned criminals into an arena with wild animals, where they would be torn apart and devoured in front of a bloodthirsty audience. But what was the purpose of this gruesome spectacle? Some scholars argue that it served as a deterrent to would-be criminals, while others suggest that it was a form of entertainment for the masses. Still, others contend that it was a way for the ruling class to assert their dominance over the lower classes. Regardless of its purpose, damnatio ad bestias was a harrowing and terrifying experience for those who were forced to endure it. In some cases, criminals were even forced to fight against each other, adding a gladiator-like element to the proceedings. So who were the people who witnessed these horrific events? According to historian Keith Hopkins, the vast majority of spectators were not members of the upper class, but rather the urban poor who were attracted to the spectacle of violence and bloodshed. In fact, Hopkins suggests that these public executions were a way for the ruling class to distract the lower classes from their own poverty and suffering. But damnatio ad bestias was not just confined to the arena. The practice was also used as a form of punishment for political dissidents and enemies of the state. For example, the early Christian martyr Saint Ignatius of Antioch was sentenced to damnatio ad bestias in the second century AD, and was eventually devoured by lions in the Colosseum. In modern times, the practice of damnatio ad bestias is rightly seen as a barbaric and cruel form of punishment. But for the ancient Romans, it was just another way to assert their power and maintain order in a society that was often violent and chaotic.

Aristotle's Treatise on Rhetoric, written over 2,000 years ago, explores the art of persuasion through communication, which is still relevant today. The three types of persuasive speech Aristotle describes are: forensic rhetoric, which establishes facts and judgments about the past; epideictic rhetoric, which makes a proclamation about the present situation; and deliberative rhetoric, which focuses on the future. The latter is the most effective in achieving change and involves three persuasive appeals: ethos, logos, and pathos. Ethos is how you convince an audience of your credibility, logos is the use of logic and reason, and pathos appeals to emotions. Knowing how to use these rhetorical appeals is essential in persuading others, but also in recognizing when they are being used on you. Understanding and mastering the art of rhetoric can help you communicate more effectively and achieve your goals.

Have you ever found yourself making assumptions or judgments about someone based on their race, gender, or age without even realizing it? You might be surprised to know that these biases could be hidden in your subconscious mind, and the Implicit Association Test (IAT), developed by the social psychologist Anthony Greenwald, aims to uncover them. The IAT is a psychological tool that detects implicit biases, which are attitudes or stereotypes that we hold unconsciously. It works by measuring the speed of your response to stimuli that are associated with different categories, such as race or gender. These subconscious associations may possibly be applied to your belief associations, and reveal any biases you have. For example, if you have a stronger association between the category of "white" and "good" than "black" and "good", you are more likely to have implicit bias against people of color. But the IAT is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the test is not a reliable indicator of implicit bias and that the results can be influenced by various factors, such as familiarity with the task and cultural background. Despite the criticisms, the IAT has sparked a larger conversation about implicit bias and how it can affect our behavior and decision-making. Leading academics in the field, such as the psychologists Mahzarin Banaji and Anthony Greenwald, have contributed to this discussion by publishing numerous papers and books on the topic. Implicit biases are not the only type of biases, though. By taking the time to explore biases we may have, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us, allowing us to make more informed decisions and have meaningful interactions with people despite the differences we may hold.