Inhaler delivery systems have revolutionized the treatment of respiratory illnesses, making it easier for patients to receive the medicine they need to manage their symptoms. But how do these devices work, and what scientific principles underlie their design? At the heart of an inhaler is the aerosol, a fine mist of medication that is delivered directly to the lungs. To create this mist, inhalers use a propellant, which expands rapidly upon release, creating a burst of pressure that forces the medication out of the device and into the airways. One key challenge in designing inhalers is ensuring that the aerosol particles are small enough to be easily inhaled, yet large enough to deposit effectively in the lungs. This is where the science of aerodynamics comes into play, as researchers work to optimize the shape and size of the particles to achieve the ideal balance of delivery efficiency and patient comfort. Recent advancements in inhaler technology have led to the development of smart inhalers, which use sensors and digital connectivity to monitor patient use and provide personalized feedback and reminders. This innovation has the potential to improve patient adherence and outcomes, and is just one example of how inhaler delivery systems continue to evolve and improve. Leading academics in the field include Dr. Richard Costello, a respiratory physician and clinical scientist at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and Dr. Omar Usmani, a consultant physician in respiratory medicine at the Royal Brompton Hospital and professor of respiratory medicine at Imperial College London. These experts have contributed to important research on inhaler technology and the treatment of respiratory diseases, and continue to drive innovation in the field. Inhaler delivery systems have revolutionized the treatment of respiratory illnesses, allowing patients to manage their symptoms with greater ease and precision. By understanding the science behind aerosol medicine and the principles that underlie inhaler design, we can appreciate the incredible innovation that has made this possible.

Have you ever had a moment of inspiration that led to a groundbreaking invention? In 1816, a doctor named René Laennec had just that moment while walking through Paris. He observed children using a long piece of wood to amplify sound and later used this concept to create the stethoscope. By placing a rolled-up sheet of paper to a young woman's chest, he was able to hear her heartbeat with clarity. Laennec spent three years perfecting his invention, which eventually became the forerunner to the stethoscopes we still use today. Learning about the development of the stethoscope not only expands your knowledge of medical history but also inspires you to think creatively and use everyday observations to solve complex problems.

New research has identified gold-based compounds that could treat multidrug-resistant "superbugs", with some effectiveness against several bacteria. Antibiotic resistance is a global public health threat, and the development of new antibiotics has stalled. Gold metalloantibiotics, compounds with a gold ion at their core, could be a promising new approach. Dr. Sara M. Soto Gonzalez and colleagues studied the activity of 19 gold complexes against a range of multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from patients. The gold compounds were effective against at least one bacterial species studied, with some displaying potent activity against several multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Do you have a passion for science and a desire to help people? If so, Optometry may be the perfect field of study for you. Optometry is a branch of medicine that focuses on the eyes and vision. It is a fascinating field that combines science, technology, and patient care to help people see clearly and live their best lives. Optometry is all about helping people to see the world around them. As an optometrist, you will use your knowledge of the eyes and vision to diagnose and treat a range of eye conditions, from simple refractive errors to more complex diseases such as glaucoma and cataracts. You will also help people to maintain their eye health and prevent vision problems from developing. One of the most exciting aspects of Optometry is the constant innovation and research that is taking place in the field. From new technologies that allow for more accurate diagnosis and treatment, to groundbreaking research into the causes and treatments of eye diseases, there is always something new and exciting happening in Optometry. At the undergraduate level, typical majors and modules include anatomy and physiology of the eye, optics, visual perception, and ocular disease. Students will also have the opportunity to gain practical experience through clinical placements and internships. After completing their undergraduate degree, students can go on to specialize in areas such as pediatric optometry, contact lenses, or vision therapy. With a degree in Optometry, there are a range of potential job opportunities available. Optometrists can work in private practice, hospitals, clinics, or for government agencies. Some notable employers in the field include Bausch + Lomb, Johnson & Johnson, and Essilor. To succeed in Optometry, students should have a strong background in science, particularly biology and chemistry. They should also possess excellent communication and interpersonal skills, as they will be working closely with patients on a daily basis. If you are passionate about science and helping people, a degree in Optometry may be the perfect choice for you.

An interdisciplinary UCLA research team has developed a tiny implantable device called SymphNode, which has been shown to be able to drive tumours into remission, eliminate metastasis, and prevent the growth of new tumours, resulting in longer survival in mice. This groundbreaking technology may decrease the risk of cancer returning, making it a potential addition to chemotherapy or other first-step treatments for a variety of cancers.

Did you know that spending just a few weeks in space can lead to a 20% loss of muscle mass? That's because in microgravity, astronauts don't need to use their muscles as much to stay upright or move around. This lack of exercise leads to a breakdown in muscle tissue and a loss of strength. But it's not just astronauts who are affected by muscle degradation. People on bed rest, those with certain medical conditions, and even the elderly can experience a loss of muscle mass and function. So what's happening on a cellular level? When muscles aren't used, they begin to break down proteins for energy. This process, called protein degradation, can lead to the loss of muscle mass and function. But don't worry, researchers are working hard to find ways to combat muscle degradation in space and on Earth. One approach is to use exercise machines that simulate gravity, which have been shown to maintain muscle mass in astronauts. Other research has focused on using drugs to block the protein degradation process and promote muscle growth. Leading academics in the field of muscle degradation include Dr. Robert Fitts, a professor of biology at Marquette University, who has researched the effects of microgravity on muscle mass and function. Dr. Lori Ploutz-Snyder, a professor at the University of Michigan, has also studied muscle atrophy and is working on developing exercise programs to prevent it. Overall, muscle degradation is a serious concern for both astronauts and people on Earth. By learning more about the causes and potential solutions, we can work towards maintaining healthy muscles and preventing muscle loss.

Have you ever wondered what it takes to be a heart doctor? Well, look no further because we've got the inside scoop on the exciting and rewarding field of cardiology! As a cardiologist, you'll be responsible for diagnosing and treating heart conditions, helping patients live longer, healthier lives. From heart attacks to arrhythmias, you'll have the knowledge and skills to provide life-saving care to those in need. But being a cardiologist isn't just about saving lives, it's also about preventing heart disease. You'll work with patients to develop healthy habits and manage risk factors, like high blood pressure and high cholesterol. And the best part? The field of cardiology is constantly evolving, with new treatments and technologies being developed all the time. You'll have the opportunity to stay at the forefront of medical advancements and make a real difference in the lives of your patients. Typical duties of a cardiologist include performing diagnostic tests, like electrocardiograms and echocardiograms, prescribing medication and lifestyle changes, and performing procedures like angioplasty and stenting. There are also many areas of specialisation within the field, such as electrophysiology and interventional cardiology. To become a cardiologist, you'll need to complete extensive education and training. This typically includes a bachelor's degree in a relevant field, such as biology or chemistry, followed by medical school and a residency in internal medicine. After that, you'll complete a fellowship in cardiology, where you'll gain specialised knowledge and skills. Helpful personal attributes for a career in cardiology include strong communication skills, attention to detail, and a passion for helping others. You'll also need to be able to work well under pressure and make quick decisions in life-or-death situations. Job prospects for cardiologists are excellent, with a growing demand for heart specialists around the world. Some notable potential employers include the Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, and Johns Hopkins Hospital, among many others. So, if you're looking for a challenging and rewarding career that allows you to make a real difference in the lives of others, consider becoming a cardiologist. Your heart (and your patients' hearts) will thank you!

Stanford University researchers, in collaboration with other institutions, have developed a molecule that prevents the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from twisting and infecting cells, including those with new variants. This new type of antiviral therapeutic, called the longHR2\_42 inhibitor, may be delivered via inhaler to treat early infections and prevent severe illness. The team's detailed understanding of the twisted structure of the virus's spike protein allowed them to create a longer molecule that is more effective than previous attempts to block the virus. Their groundbreaking research may lead to a promising solution to combat COVID-19.

Get ready for a game-changing medical innovation! Engineers from MIT have developed a biocompatible tissue glue inspired by barnacles that can quickly stop bleeding and seal wounds in a matter of seconds. This new paste could revolutionize the way we treat traumatic injuries and control bleeding during surgeries.

Are you fascinated by the inner workings of the human body? Do you have a passion for technology and problem-solving? If so, a career as a Radiologic Technologist might just be the perfect fit for you! Radiologic Technologists are healthcare professionals who use imaging equipment to capture images of the body's internal structures. These images are then used by physicians to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions. As a Radiologic Technologist, you'll have the opportunity to work with patients of all ages and backgrounds, making a real difference in their lives. One of the most appealing aspects of this field is the variety of specializations available. From diagnostic imaging to radiation therapy, Radiologic Technologists can choose to focus on a specific area of interest. This means that there's always something new to learn and explore! To become a Radiologic Technologist, you'll typically need to complete a two-year associate's degree program in Radiologic Technology. Many colleges and universities also offer four-year bachelor's degree programs in Radiologic Sciences, which can lead to more advanced positions in the field. In addition to formal education and training, there are several personal attributes that can help you succeed as a Radiologic Technologist. These include strong communication skills, attention to detail, and the ability to work well under pressure. Job prospects for Radiologic Technologists are excellent, with the field expected to grow by 9% over the next decade. This means that there will be plenty of opportunities for graduates to find rewarding and challenging positions in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, and imaging centers. Some of the most notable and attractive potential employers in the field include the Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, and Johns Hopkins Hospital. These institutions are known for their commitment to innovation and excellence, and offer Radiologic Technologists the chance to work with some of the most advanced imaging equipment in the world. So if you're looking for a career that combines technology, healthcare, and problem-solving, consider becoming a Radiologic Technologist. With its many specializations, excellent job prospects, and potential for growth and advancement, it's a field that offers something for everyone!

Are you fascinated by the inner workings of the human body and want to play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating illnesses? Look no further than the field of radiography! Radiography is the study of medical imaging, using X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and other techniques to create images of the body's internal structures. It's a vital field that helps doctors detect and diagnose a wide range of medical conditions, from broken bones to cancer. In recent years, radiography has seen some exciting innovations and breakthroughs. For example, researchers are exploring the use of AI and machine learning to improve the accuracy and speed of medical imaging. And new techniques like 3D printing are allowing doctors to create custom implants and prosthetics for their patients. At the undergraduate level, students can expect to take courses in anatomy, physiology, medical terminology, and of course, radiographic imaging techniques. Many programs also offer clinical rotations, giving students hands-on experience working with patients and medical professionals. After graduation, there are a wide range of career paths available to radiography majors. Some graduates go on to become radiologic technologists, performing diagnostic imaging procedures like X-rays and CT scans. Others become radiation therapists, using radiation to treat cancer and other diseases. And still others go on to become medical physicists, working to develop and improve medical imaging technology. There are many potential employers for radiography graduates, including hospitals, clinics, and private imaging centers. Some notable examples include the Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. To succeed in radiography, students should have a strong background in science and math, as well as excellent communication skills and attention to detail. If you're passionate about healthcare and interested in a challenging and rewarding career, radiography may be the perfect field for you.

Are you fascinated by the human heart and its complex workings? Do you want to be at the forefront of medical research and innovation? Then studying cardiology could be the perfect fit for you! Cardiology is the study of the heart and its functions, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases. It's a field that combines biology, physics, and medicine to understand the intricate mechanisms of the heart and how they affect our overall health. One of the most exciting aspects of cardiology is the potential for innovation and discovery. Researchers in this field are constantly developing new treatments and technologies to improve patient outcomes. For example, recent breakthroughs in stem cell research have opened up new possibilities for repairing damaged heart tissue. Some of the most well-known figures in cardiology include Dr. Robert Califf, former Commissioner of the FDA and a leading expert in cardiovascular disease, and Dr. Valentin Fuster, a world-renowned cardiologist who has made significant contributions to the study of atherosclerosis. As an undergraduate student of cardiology, you'll typically take courses in anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and epidemiology, among others. You'll also have the opportunity to specialize in areas like electrophysiology, interventional cardiology, or cardiac imaging. After completing your degree, you'll be well-prepared for a range of careers in the healthcare industry. You could work as a cardiologist in a hospital or clinic, or pursue a career in medical research or medical device development. Some of the most popular employers in this field include the American Heart Association, Mayo Clinic, and the National Institutes of Health. To succeed in cardiology, you'll need to have a strong background in science and math, as well as excellent critical thinking and problem-solving skills. A passion for helping others and a desire to make a difference in people's lives are also key attributes for success in this field. So if you're ready to take on the challenge of studying the heart and its functions, consider a career in cardiology. Your work could help save lives and improve the health of people around the world!

Are you interested in learning about a new antimicrobial coating material that can effectively kill bacteria and viruses, including MRSA and Covid-19? Researchers at the University of Nottingham's School of Pharmacy have used a common disinfectant and antiseptic to create this new material that could be used as an effective antimicrobial coating on a range of plastic products. This new study, published in Nano Select, offers an effective way to prevent the spread of pathogenic microorganisms and address the ever-increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Read more to find out how this material was created and how it can help in hospital settings.

Discover how human evolution has led to unique diseases like knee osteoarthritis, affecting millions worldwide. Professor Terence D. Capellini shares genetic research on the link between bipedalism and knee osteoarthritis, and how identifying high-risk patients at an early age can inform future therapies. Explore the Developmental and Evolutionary Genetics Lab's work and hypotheses published in his 2020 paper "Evolutionary Selection and Constraint on Human Knee Chondrocyte Regulation Impacts Osteoarthritis Risk." Join the Harvard Museums of Science & Culture's ongoing series to learn more.

We all know how important it is to stay healthy and avoid getting sick. But have you ever wondered about the science behind vaccines? In this video clip, we learn about the key academic concept of how the immune system works to fight off infections and how scientists are working to develop a universal flu vaccine that could protect us against every strain of the flu, even ones that don't exist yet. Learning about this exciting field of research not only expands our knowledge of how vaccines work, but also helps us understand the importance of public health initiatives.

Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells in the body. The drugs are delivered through pills and injections and are toxic to all cells in the body, including healthy ones. However, cancer cells are more susceptible to the effects of chemotherapy because they multiply rapidly. Chemotherapy drugs can damage hair follicles, cells of the mouth, gastrointestinal lining, reproductive system, and bone marrow, which can cause side effects such as hair loss, fatigue, infertility, nausea, and vomiting. Despite these side effects, chemotherapy has greatly improved the outlook for many cancer patients. Advances in treatment have led to up to 95% survival rates for testicular cancer and 60% remission rates for acute myeloid leukemia. Researchers are still developing more precise interventions to target cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy tissues. Learning about chemotherapy can help high school students understand the science behind cancer treatment and the importance of ongoing research to improve outcomes for patients.

Do you have a passion for helping others and a fascination with the human eye? If so, a career in optometry could be the perfect fit for you! Optometrists are healthcare professionals who specialize in diagnosing and treating vision problems and eye diseases. They play a vital role in helping people maintain healthy eyes and clear vision. As an optometrist, you'll have the opportunity to work with patients of all ages, from children to seniors. You'll use state-of-the-art technology to examine patients' eyes and diagnose problems such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. You'll also be able to detect and treat eye diseases such as glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration. One of the most appealing aspects of a career in optometry is the ability to make a real difference in people's lives. Imagine helping a child see clearly for the first time or saving someone's vision by detecting a serious eye disease early on. Optometrists have the power to improve their patients' quality of life in meaningful ways. In addition to traditional optometry, there are many areas of specialization within the field. Some optometrists choose to focus on pediatric optometry, working with children to ensure they have healthy eyes and clear vision. Others specialize in contact lenses, helping patients find the perfect lenses to fit their unique needs. And still others focus on low vision, working with patients who have severe visual impairments to help them navigate the world around them. To become an optometrist, you'll need to complete a Doctor of Optometry (OD) degree from an accredited optometry school. Popular undergraduate majors for aspiring optometrists include biology, chemistry, and physics. In addition to completing a rigorous academic program, you'll also need to pass a national board exam to become licensed to practice. Helpful personal attributes for a career in optometry include strong communication skills, attention to detail, and a passion for helping others. You'll also need to be comfortable using technology and working with a wide range of patients. Job prospects for optometrists are strong, with a projected growth rate of 10% over the next decade. Optometrists can work in a variety of settings, from private practices to hospitals to retail stores. Some notable employers in the field include LensCrafters, Kaiser Permanente, and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. So if you're looking for a career that combines cutting-edge technology, meaningful patient interactions, and the opportunity to make a real difference in people's lives, consider a career in optometry!

Are you interested in science and making a difference in people's lives? A career in pharmaceutical research might be just what you're looking for! Pharmaceutical research is an exciting field that involves discovering and developing new drugs and therapies to treat and cure diseases. As a pharmaceutical researcher, you will have the opportunity to work on cutting-edge research projects that could change the lives of millions of people. For example, did you know that the development of the COVID-19 vaccines is a result of years of pharmaceutical research? You could be part of the next breakthrough in medicine! In this field, your typical duties will include conducting laboratory experiments, analyzing data, developing new drugs, and testing their safety and effectiveness. You may also specialize in a particular area, such as drug design, pharmacology, or clinical research. To become a pharmaceutical researcher, you will need to pursue a degree in a relevant field, such as chemistry, biology, or pharmacology. Popular undergraduate programs and majors include Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry. A graduate degree in pharmaceutical research is also highly desirable and may be required for some positions. Helpful personal attributes for this field include strong critical thinking skills, attention to detail, and excellent communication skills. A passion for science and a desire to make a difference in the world are also important. The job prospects for pharmaceutical researchers are promising. With the aging population and increasing demand for new drugs and therapies, the demand for skilled researchers is expected to grow. Notable and attractive potential employers in this field include pharmaceutical companies such as Pfizer, Merck, and Novartis, as well as government agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Weight loss surgery decreases bile acids linked to higher appetite, but lifestyle changes could mimic the effect. Researchers from King's, the University of Nottingham, and Amsterdam University Medical Centre found that gut microbes play a key role in regulating bile acids and metabolism. The study's results have important implications for targeted interventions for metabolic disorders focused on the gut microbiome. Co-author Professor Tim Spector, the co-founder of personalised nutrition company ZOE, highlights the promise of gut microbiome testing in supporting metabolic health.

Discover the secret behind Gram-negative bacteria's armor-like outer membrane! A new study led by Professor Colin Kleanthous at the University of Oxford sheds light on how bacteria like E. coli construct their outer membrane to resemble body armor, with implications for developing antibiotics.