Ever wondered why corruption levels vary in African countries? A new study suggests that the legacy of colonial rule may be partly to blame. Find out how British colonial rule may have fostered the corruption of local elites (chiefs) and undermined society's trust in them. Discover the significant welfare implications of this on agriculture, natural resources, mining royalties, public goods, and economic development in many African societies.

Gentrification is a complex and controversial issue that is affecting cities all around the world. It refers to the process of renovating and improving a run-down urban neighborhood, often resulting in the displacement of low-income residents and small businesses as the neighborhood becomes more attractive to affluent newcomers. One of the leading academics in the field of gentrification studies is Dr. David Harvey, a geographer and sociologist who has written extensively on the topic. In his book, "The Right to the City," Harvey argues that gentrification represents a violation of the "right to the city" for marginalized communities who are pushed out of their neighborhoods as a result. The impact of gentrification on equality can be significant. As low-income residents are forced to move out of gentrifying neighborhoods, they often face challenges finding affordable housing elsewhere, leading to increased homelessness and housing insecurity. Additionally, the loss of diverse communities and small businesses can have a negative impact on cultural richness and local economies. One example of the impact of gentrification can be seen in San Francisco, where the city's African American population declined from 13.4% in 1970 to just 5.8% in 2010 as a result of gentrification and displacement. In London, a similar pattern can be seen, with a report by the Greater London Authority finding that the number of ethnic minority households in the city's inner boroughs has declined by over 50% since the 1980s due to gentrification. These are just a few examples. Explore this interesting and complex topic more and play your part in helping communities grow sustainably and equitably.

Imagine traveling on a high-speed train from Cape Town to Tunis, passing by the best universities in the world, breathtaking farmland, bustling metropolises, and vast solar panels. This is the promised land of Africa, a continent that powers the global economy and is unified into a shared economic and political vision. By learning about the history of Africa's resource control and rejection of Western development aid, you can understand how the continent is now able to prosper without interference. This knowledge not only benefits you intellectually but also practically, as it offers an escape to those in the Diaspora trapped in the West facing racism, poverty, and criminal injustice. Explore this topic through reading, reflection, writing, and self-directed projects, and discover the wealth of knowledge and opportunities that Africa has to offer.

California's Reparations Task Force is investigating the harms African Americans have faced since 1850 and recommending how to repair the damage for all descendants of enslaved people now residing in the state. Task force member Jovan Scott Lewis, a University of California, Berkeley, associate professor of geography and chair of the geography department, shares his academic focus on reparations, detailed in numerous articles and two recent books. Learn about his books, the work of the task force, and why reparations are due to the descendants of the enslaved.

Discover the evolution of cities through time and learn how our modern civilization is rooted in the decisions made by our ancestors. In 'The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects', Lewis Mumford takes readers on a journey through the centuries, exploring the core needs of humanity that led to the formation of cities. From nomadic life to village living to the bustling metropolises of today, Mumford's insights and concepts are essential for modern city planning, design, and management. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in urban planning and the history of civilization. Recommended for urban planning professionals, architects, historians, and anyone interested in the evolution of cities and its impact on modern civilization. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the history of cities, from their origins to their modern-day transformations. The insights and concepts presented in this book are useful for contemporary city planning, design, and management. Additionally, this book is relevant to those interested in the history of civilization and the core needs of humanity. The book covers a full range of civilizations and their cities, making it a valuable resource for students of history, anthropology, and sociology.

Have you ever wondered what life would be like without the state? The idea of living without rulers may seem strange, but it's been done before. Archaeology shows our ancestors lived in peace for thousands of years before armed rulers appeared. Without the state, life would be less complicated, divisive, and confusing. Poverty would be slashed, and enterprise and innovation would flourish without the regulation that favors large corporations. We would do things voluntarily, and our cooperative and charitable nature would flourish. We could even develop a less rigid justice system that benefits from a reduction in crime and fear. The benefits of learning about the state and its role in society are both intellectual and practical. You'll gain a better understanding of the world around you and how it functions. You'll also be equipped with the knowledge to develop structures that self-govern from the bottom up, evolving as times change. So, let's explore the concept of the state together and see how we can thrive without it!

Did you know that the treadmill was originally created in the 1800s as a punishment for English prisoners? However, social movements led by religious groups, philanthropies, and celebrities like Charles Dickens sought to change these dire conditions and help reform the prisoners. The treadmill was seen as a fantastic way of whipping prisoners into shape, and that added benefit of powering mills helped to rebuild a British economy decimated by the Napoleonic Wars. Although the original treadmill was banned for being excessively cruel, it returned with a vengeance in the 1970s as a way to improve aerobic fitness and lose unwanted pounds. Learning about the history of the treadmill can help you understand how social movements can bring about positive change and how ideas can evolve over time.

As a high school student, have you ever struggled to stay engaged in complex history lessons? In the summer of 1963, a teacher named Henry Littlefield had a brilliant idea to use "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" to teach American history. He saw connections between the story and the late 19th century Gilded Age, where farmers struggled while industry and finance in the North and East prospered, as well as how the story represented Populism. Littlefield believed that Dorothy represented a typical American girl whose life was turned upside down by powerful forces outside of her control, while the Scarecrow represented the farmer and the Tin Woodman represented the industrial worker. By exploring these connections, students can gain a deeper understanding of the complex social and economic issues of the time. Even though Baum claimed that the book was just an innocent children's story, scholars have found hidden meanings and connections that make it a fascinating subject of study. Learning to uncover hidden meanings and connections in literature can help you become a more critical thinker and better understand the world around you.

The concept of utopia and dystopia has been explored throughout history in literature and art. While utopias envision a perfect world, dystopias imagine a world where certain trends in contemporary society are taken to extremes, exposing their underlying flaws. Dystopian fiction is a cautionary tale that warns us about the idea that humanity can be molded into an ideal shape. By exploring dystopian literature, we can gain a better understanding of the world we live in and the challenges we face. It encourages us to question our assumptions about the future and to think critically about the society we want to build. By engaging with dystopian ideas, we can become more informed and active citizens, ready to shape a better future for ourselves and our communities.

Have you ever wondered why some people seem to have a strong sense of right and wrong, while others don't seem to care? Do you want to make a positive impact on the world and help create a better society? If so, you may want to consider studying Ethics! Ethics is a fascinating field of study that explores questions about morality, justice, and human behavior. It examines how people make decisions and how they should behave in various situations. By studying Ethics, you will gain a deeper understanding of the world around you and the complex issues that face society today. One of the most appealing aspects of Ethics is that it is relevant to nearly every aspect of life. From business and politics to healthcare and the environment, ethical considerations are essential in every field. For example, medical professionals must consider the ethical implications of treating patients with limited resources, while business leaders must navigate complex ethical dilemmas related to corporate responsibility and social justice. Ethics is also a field that is constantly evolving, with new research and innovations emerging all the time. Some of the most inspiring academic disclosures have come from notable figures such as Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill, who have made significant contributions to the field. Recent research has explored issues such as the ethics of artificial intelligence, the moral implications of climate change, and the role of empathy in ethical decision-making. At the undergraduate level, typical majors and modules in Ethics include courses on ethical theory, applied ethics, and professional ethics. Students may also have the opportunity to specialize in areas such as bioethics, environmental ethics, or business ethics. For example, a student interested in bioethics may study the ethical implications of genetic engineering or the use of medical technologies to prolong life. After graduation, there are many potential career paths for those who study Ethics. Some popular roles include ethics consultants, policy analysts, and social justice advocates. Key industries for prospective future employment include healthcare, government, and non-profit organizations. Notable employers include the World Health Organization, Amnesty International, and the United Nations. To succeed in the field of Ethics, it is helpful to have strong critical thinking skills, a passion for social justice, and an interest in philosophy and moral theory. If you are someone who wants to make a positive impact on the world and help create a better society, studying Ethics may be the perfect choice for you!

Board games can be a fun pastime, but what happens when they reinforce prejudices and glorify colonial domination? Researchers at MIT and Dartmouth delve into the history of board games in their new book, "Playing Oppression," and analyze the assumptions baked into many of them. From the problematic elements of "Puerto Rico" to the glorification of empire-building in games like "Empires: Age of Discovery," this book sheds light on the legacy of conquest and empire in colonialist board games.

Urban inequalities refer to the disparities and imbalances in opportunities, resources, and outcomes among different groups of people living in urban areas. This includes issues such as poverty, housing insecurity, racial and ethnic disparities, access to education and healthcare, and more. One of the leading academics in the field is sociologist and author, Loic Wacquant. Wacquant argues that the root causes of urban inequalities can be traced to broader social, political and economic structures and processes. He has written extensively on the ways in which the state and market forces interact to produce and reinforce urban inequalities, particularly in the global North. Another important figure in the study of urban inequalities is economic geographer David Harvey. Harvey has famously argued that urban inequalities are a result of the way that capitalism functions, and has developed the concept of "spatial fixes" to describe how capital seeks out new and profitable opportunities in the urban environment. The statistics on urban inequalities are staggering. For example, it has been estimated that in the United States, the poverty rate for urban residents is over double that of rural residents. Median incomes in rural areas of the Northeast and Midwest ($62,291 and $55,704 respectively) were higher than in the regions’ urban areas ($60,655 and $51,266) while that in the South and West ($50,989 and $58,541) were higher than in rural areas ($46,891 and $56,061). However, across all four regions, poverty rates were consistently lower for rural residents. In many cities around the world, racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to live in poverty and experience housing insecurity. The COVID-19 pandemic has only exacerbated these disparities, with low-income urban residents being disproportionately affected. Despite the challenges, there are also inspiring stories of communities and individuals working to address urban inequalities. For example, community-led organizations in cities like Detroit and Baltimore are working to revitalize neighbourhoods and provide resources and support to residents. Activists and advocates are also pushing for policy changes at the local, state and national levels to address the root causes of urban inequalities.

The Great Depression was a significant global economic crisis that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s, leading to severe consequences for people worldwide. From the US stock market collapse to failed banks, bankruptcy, and the rise of Hitler's Nazi Party, this period marked a significant turning point in world history. Learning about this critical historical event can provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the economic concepts that govern our lives today. Through exploring the Great Depression, you can develop critical thinking, analytical skills, and a sense of how economic policies shape our world. By understanding the past, we can learn to make better decisions in the future.

How does cultural background affect responses to COVID-19? Our research shows that cultural norms and values play a significant role in explaining heterogeneity in exposure to the virus both across and within countries. From social distancing to vaccination campaigns, cultural attitudes can make an important difference in compliance with public health measures. As migration continues to shape cultural backgrounds, policymakers must consider the likely reaction of their citizenship to contain the spread of communicable diseases.

Are you passionate about making a positive impact in your community? Do you have a knack for leadership and problem-solving? If so, a career as a City Manager might just be the perfect fit for you! As a City Manager, you will play a crucial role in the day-to-day operations of your city. You will be responsible for overseeing all aspects of city operations, from managing budgets and implementing policies to ensuring the safety and well-being of your citizens. One of the most appealing aspects of this role is the opportunity to make a real difference in your community. Whether you're working to improve infrastructure, promote economic growth, or provide essential services to your citizens, you will have the power to shape the future of your city. In addition to the meaningful work, a career as a City Manager also offers a wide range of potential specializations. You may choose to focus on areas such as urban planning, public safety, or environmental sustainability, depending on your interests and expertise. To become a City Manager, you will need to have a strong educational background. Popular undergraduate programs and majors include public administration, political science, and business management. You may also choose to pursue a master's degree in a related field to further enhance your skills and knowledge. In terms of personal attributes, successful City Managers tend to be strong communicators, strategic thinkers, and effective problem-solvers. They are also highly organized and able to manage multiple priorities simultaneously. The job prospects for City Managers are promising, with many opportunities available in both the public and private sectors. Notable employers include the City of New York, the City of London, and the City of Tokyo, among others. So, if you're looking for a career that combines meaningful work with the opportunity to make a real difference in your community, consider becoming a City Manager. With hard work, dedication, and a passion for public service, you could be on your way to a rewarding and fulfilling career!

Are you interested in exploring the revolutionary ideas that have shaped our society? Karl Marx, a philosopher and historian, is known for his critical thinking and analysis of the social and economic systems of his time. Through his writings, Marx sought to reform the ruling class and promote communism. By exploring Marx's work, you will gain insight into the political and economic theories that have had a profound impact on the modern world. Additionally, reading and reflecting on Marx's ideas will help you develop critical thinking and analytical skills that can benefit you academically and professionally. Why not take the first step towards discovering these ideas by delving into Marx's seminal work, The Communist Manifesto?

How did the Winnebago tribe of Nebraska turn their extreme poverty into prosperity through self-determination? Learn how their success story is inspiring Harvard's Project on Indigenous Governance and Development.

In 1833, Lydia Maria Child shocked readers with her book "An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans," denouncing slavery and exposing its power in US politics. Child, together with a small group of activists, were not just antislavery, but abolitionists, convinced that slavery should end immediately and without compensation to enslavers. Despite facing backlash and sexism, Child's activism inspired the formation of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society and the first national political gathering of Black and white women, leading to legal protection for Black Americans in Massachusetts.

Xenophobia is the fear and hatred of foreigners, and it has a long history. In today's political climate, it is shaping political debates and causing harm to marginalized groups. Though it is not the same as racism, the two are often related. Xenophobic fears are easy to stir when inequality increases, and the pain felt by the so-called natives is turned onto the foreigner. However, society can tackle this trend by being more equal and providing for all. Learning about xenophobia and its effects can help us understand the world around us and work towards a more inclusive society. By exploring academic concepts like xenophobia, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world and the issues that affect us. This understanding can help us become more empathetic and informed citizens, and ultimately lead to a better world for all.

Canadian singer, Jully Black, made headlines when she sang her country's national anthem at an NBA all-star game and altered the lyrics from "our home and native land" to "our home on native land" in solidarity with indigenous communities. This small change has sparked a larger conversation about Canada's history of oppression and assimilation of indigenous people, and the need for reconciliation. While some have criticized the change, many have praised it as a model for all Canadians. This issue raises important questions about identity, power, and representation, and highlights the role of music and art in social and political activism.