Did you know that adults catch more than 150 colds throughout their lives, and that a single family of viruses causes 30 to 50% of all colds? Understanding the complex relationship between viruses and our immune systems is not only fascinating, but also highly relevant to our daily lives. By reading about pleconaril, rhinovirus, and CRISPR, you'll learn about the science behind vaccines and antiviral drugs, and how they could help us tackle the common cold. But beyond that, exploring this topic will help you appreciate the incredible complexity and resilience of our immune systems, and the importance of maintaining our health. So grab a cup of tea and your favorite notebook, and get ready to dive into the fascinating world of viruses and immune systems!

We all know how important it is to stay healthy and avoid getting sick. But have you ever wondered about the science behind vaccines? In this video clip, we learn about the key academic concept of how the immune system works to fight off infections and how scientists are working to develop a universal flu vaccine that could protect us against every strain of the flu, even ones that don't exist yet. Learning about this exciting field of research not only expands our knowledge of how vaccines work, but also helps us understand the importance of public health initiatives.

Do you have a passion for science and a desire to help people? If so, Optometry may be the perfect field of study for you. Optometry is a branch of medicine that focuses on the eyes and vision. It is a fascinating field that combines science, technology, and patient care to help people see clearly and live their best lives. Optometry is all about helping people to see the world around them. As an optometrist, you will use your knowledge of the eyes and vision to diagnose and treat a range of eye conditions, from simple refractive errors to more complex diseases such as glaucoma and cataracts. You will also help people to maintain their eye health and prevent vision problems from developing. One of the most exciting aspects of Optometry is the constant innovation and research that is taking place in the field. From new technologies that allow for more accurate diagnosis and treatment, to groundbreaking research into the causes and treatments of eye diseases, there is always something new and exciting happening in Optometry. At the undergraduate level, typical majors and modules include anatomy and physiology of the eye, optics, visual perception, and ocular disease. Students will also have the opportunity to gain practical experience through clinical placements and internships. After completing their undergraduate degree, students can go on to specialize in areas such as pediatric optometry, contact lenses, or vision therapy. With a degree in Optometry, there are a range of potential job opportunities available. Optometrists can work in private practice, hospitals, clinics, or for government agencies. Some notable employers in the field include Bausch + Lomb, Johnson & Johnson, and Essilor. To succeed in Optometry, students should have a strong background in science, particularly biology and chemistry. They should also possess excellent communication and interpersonal skills, as they will be working closely with patients on a daily basis. If you are passionate about science and helping people, a degree in Optometry may be the perfect choice for you.

Get ready to revolutionize the way we treat cancer and age-related diseases! A new company, GlioQuell, co-founded by Dr. Kambiz Alavian from the Department of Brain Sciences, is developing a cutting-edge approach to target the powerhouses of cancer cells - the mitochondria. By reducing the efficiency of these structures, GlioQuell aims to turn off the cancer cells' energy supply and treat one of the most aggressive forms of cancer - glioblastoma.

The Alzheimer's Solution is a groundbreaking book that offers a comprehensive program for preventing Alzheimer's disease and improving cognitive function. Based on the largest clinical and observational study to date, this revolutionary book reveals how the brain is a living universe, directly influenced by nutrition, exercise, stress, sleep, and engagement. The authors, neurologists and codirectors of the Brain Health and Alzheimer's Prevention Program at Loma Linda University Medical Center, present a personalized assessment for evaluating risk, a five-part program for prevention and symptom-reversal, and day-by-day guides for optimizing cognitive function. Don't let Alzheimer's disease affect you or your loved ones; take control of your brain's future with The Alzheimer's Solution. Recommended for anyone interested in brain health, aging, and disease prevention, The Alzheimer's Solution offers a comprehensive program for preventing Alzheimer's disease and improving cognitive function. This book is particularly relevant to individuals with a family history of Alzheimer's disease or those who are interested in taking proactive measures to reduce their risk of cognitive decline. It is also useful for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers who are interested in the latest findings in the field of Alzheimer's disease prevention and treatment. Additionally, this book can be of interest to anyone looking to optimize their brain health through lifestyle interventions such as nutrition, exercise, stress management, and engagement.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the healthcare industry in ways we never imagined. AI has the potential to revolutionize the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases. With the help of AI, medical professionals can now analyze large amounts of data in seconds, making the process of diagnosing and treating patients much more efficient. Leading academics such as Dr. Eric Topol, a cardiologist and digital health pioneer, have been working on incorporating AI into healthcare for years. For example, Dr. Topol has been working on developing AI algorithms that can help diagnose diseases from scans and images, reducing the need for invasive procedures. He has also been studying the use of AI in personalized medicine, where AI can help predict the best treatment for a patient based on their specific genetic makeup. Statistics show that AI is already having a positive impact on healthcare. In 2019, researchers used AI to diagnose skin cancer with accuracy comparable to human dermatologists. Another study found that AI could help detect breast cancer up to five years before a traditional mammogram. These are just a few examples of how AI is changing the face of healthcare. AI is also helping healthcare professionals work more efficiently. For example, AI algorithms can quickly analyze medical records and help doctors identify patients who need immediate attention. This saves time and reduces the risk of missing critical information.

Did you know that every time you visit the doctor or take a medication, you are contributing to the vast amounts of health data that are collected and analyzed? Thanks to advances in technology and the rise of big data, these massive amounts of information are now being used to revolutionize the field of medicine, and the results are nothing short of incredible. Data-driven medicine is the practice of using vast amounts of health-related data to improve patient outcomes and healthcare delivery. By analyzing large amounts of patient information, healthcare providers can identify patterns and trends that would be impossible to detect otherwise. This information can be used to develop personalized treatment plans, predict disease outbreaks, and even prevent illnesses before they occur. One area where data-driven medicine has already made a significant impact is in cancer treatment. Thanks to the analysis of genetic data, doctors can now tailor treatments to individual patients based on their specific genetic profile, resulting in better outcomes and fewer side effects. In fact, the use of data-driven medicine in cancer treatment has already led to a 30% reduction in mortality rates. But data-driven medicine isn't just about treating disease. It's also about preventing it. By analyzing patient data, healthcare providers can identify risk factors for certain diseases and take steps to prevent them from developing. For example, doctors can use patient data to identify individuals who are at high risk for heart disease and develop personalized prevention plans that include exercise, diet changes, and medication. Leading academics in the field of data-driven medicine include Dr. Atul Butte, a professor of pediatrics and biomedical informatics at Stanford University, and Dr. Eric Topol, a professor of molecular medicine and the executive vice-president of Scripps Research. Both researchers have made significant contributions to the field, including the development of innovative data-driven tools and techniques that are transforming the way we approach healthcare. Remember, the key to success in exploring academic topics is to be curious, ask questions, and be willing to learn. With data-driven medicine, the possibilities are endless, and the potential to make a real difference in people's lives is huge.

Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide and has been a subject of intense research for decades. Thanks to recent advances in cancer treatment, survival rates are on the rise, and more and more people are able to beat the disease. One of the key developments in cancer treatment has been the use of immunotherapy. This approach harnesses the power of the patient's own immune system to fight cancer cells. For example, the drug Keytruda, which was developed by three developers -- Hans van Eenennaam, John Dulos and Andrea van Elsas -- has been shown to be effective in treating several types of cancer, including melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. Another exciting development in cancer treatment is the use of precision medicine. This approach uses genetic information to tailor treatments to individual patients, increasing their effectiveness and reducing side effects. For example, the drug Gleevec, which was developed by Dr. Brian Druker, has revolutionized the treatment of certain types of cancer (such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases), leading to high cure rates in patients with this disease. Additionally, advances in radiation therapy have also played a major role in the fight against cancer. Today, more precise and targeted radiation treatments are available, reducing side effects and improving outcomes for patients. For example, proton therapy, which was developed by Elekta, uses beams of protons to precisely target cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissue.

Revolutionize cancer treatment with a new approach - turning cancer cells into cancer-killing vaccines! Researchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard-affiliate are developing a cell therapy that eliminates tumours and trains the immune system to prevent future cancer outbreaks.

HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is a master of disguise. It can change its outer coat of proteins frequently, making it hard for the immune system to recognise and destroy it. HIV targets Helper T cells, which act as the air traffic controllers of the immune system, coordinating the efforts of other immune cells. If Helper T cells disappear, the whole immune system would have trouble fighting not just HIV but many other illnesses as well. Boosting the immune system against HIV requires getting the Helper T cells back in control. Learning about the immune system and how it works can help you understand how HIV affects the body and how to boost your immune system against it. By exploring this topic through reading, reflection, writing and self-directed projects, you can gain a deeper understanding of the immune system and how to protect yourself from harmful intruders like viruses and bacteria.

Are you fascinated by the human body and its inner workings? Do you have a passion for helping others and making a meaningful impact on people's lives? Then a career in Medicine might be just what you're looking for! Medicine is a field of study that encompasses everything from the smallest cells to the largest organ systems, with a focus on understanding and treating diseases and injuries. It's a challenging and rewarding career that requires a lot of hard work and dedication, but the potential rewards are enormous. Some of the most exciting developments in Medicine today are in the areas of genomics, personalized medicine, and regenerative medicine. Researchers are exploring new ways to use genetics to diagnose and treat diseases, while also developing new treatments that can regenerate damaged tissues and organs. One of the many inspiring figures in Medicine is Dr. Paul Farmer, who has dedicated his life to providing healthcare to some of the world's poorest communities. He founded Partners in Health, an organization that has helped to bring lifesaving medical care to millions of people around the world. At the undergraduate level, students typically study a range of subjects including anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology. They also gain practical experience through clinical rotations and internships. Some students may choose to specialize in areas such as surgery, pediatrics, or oncology. There are many potential career paths for those who study Medicine, including roles as physicians, surgeons, researchers, and healthcare administrators. Some of the most notable employers in this field include the World Health Organization, Doctors Without Borders, and the Mayo Clinic. To succeed in Medicine, it's important to have a strong foundation in science and math, as well as excellent communication and problem-solving skills. A genuine passion for helping others and a commitment to lifelong learning are also essential. If you're ready to embark on an exciting and rewarding career in Medicine, there's no better time to start exploring your options!

Did you know that only about 2% of the human genome actually codes for proteins? That means the remaining 98% is often dismissed as "junk" DNA, but that couldn't be further from the truth. In fact, a significant portion of that non-coding DNA is made up of repetitive sequences, also known as satellite DNA, which play important roles in gene regulation, genome organization, and even human disease. Repetitive DNA makes up about 50% of the human genome, and while it may seem repetitive and boring, it is actually incredibly diverse and dynamic. Different types of repetitive sequences, such as short tandem repeats (STRs) and transposable elements, can vary in copy number, length, and location across different individuals and populations. This contributes to the remarkable genetic diversity that we see in humans and other species. Repetitive DNA has also been linked to a variety of human diseases, including neurological disorders, cancer, and genetic imprinting disorders. For example, Huntington's disease is caused by an expansion of a repetitive sequence in the huntingtin gene, and fragile X syndrome is caused by the expansion of a repetitive sequence in the FMR1 gene. Despite the significance of repetitive DNA, much of it is still poorly understood. However, leading academics in the field are working to change that. For example, Susan Wessler, a plant geneticist at the University of California, Riverside, has made important contributions to our understanding of transposable elements and their impact on genome evolution. Meanwhile, Sarah Tishkoff, a human geneticist at the University of Pennsylvania, has explored the genetic diversity of African populations and the role of repetitive DNA in human adaptation and disease susceptibility. So why should you care about repetitive DNA? Well, for one, it's a fascinating topic that reveals the complexity and beauty of the genome. But more importantly, it has practical implications for fields like medicine and forensics. Short tandem repeats, for example, are commonly used in DNA profiling and can help identify suspects in criminal investigations or establish paternity. Repetitive DNA is also being studied as a potential target for novel therapies in diseases like cancer. Don't be intimidated by the complexity of the genome – there is always more to learn and discover!

As we grow older, our bodies undergo many changes, including changes in our metabolism. Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that occur in our bodies to maintain life. These processes are essential for providing energy, building and repairing tissues, and eliminating waste products. As we age, our metabolic pathways can become altered, leading to various age-related diseases and conditions. One example of a metabolic pathway that is affected by aging is the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is responsible for producing ATP, the primary source of energy for our cells. As we age, the function of the ETC can become impaired, leading to a decrease in ATP production and an increase in oxidative stress. This can contribute to age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and diabetes. Another example is the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway, which regulates cellular growth and metabolism. Studies have shown that inhibiting the mTOR pathway can increase lifespan in various model organisms, including mice. This has led to increased interest in developing drugs that target this pathway as a potential anti-aging strategy. One of the leading academics in this field is Dr. David Sinclair, a Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Sinclair's research has focused on the role of metabolism in aging and age-related diseases, and he has made significant contributions to the field. For example, his research has shown that supplementing with NAD+, a molecule involved in energy metabolism, can improve various aspects of aging in mice. Another leading academic in this field is Dr. Valter Longo, a Professor of Gerontology and Biological Science at the University of Southern California. Dr. Longo's research has focused on the role of fasting and caloric restriction in aging and age-related diseases. His work has shown that periodic fasting can have a range of health benefits, including improving insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammation. In conclusion, the study of metabolic pathways in aging is a fascinating and rapidly growing field. By understanding the complex interplay between metabolism and aging, we can better understand the underlying causes of age-related diseases and conditions. Students who are interested in this topic can continue to explore it through reading and research, or by pursuing their own experiments and projects. With the right tools and resources, they can make meaningful contributions to this exciting field and help improve our understanding of aging and metabolic pathways.

Did you know that the human brain is made up of over 100 billion nerve cells and weighs only three pounds? Yet, this small, intricate organ is responsible for everything from controlling our body's movements to processing our emotions and thoughts. That's where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) comes in. This powerful technology uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain's structure and function, helping researchers and clinicians better understand how the brain works. One of the most exciting applications of MRI is in the field of neuroscience. By analyzing brain activity and connectivity, researchers are unlocking new insights into conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and schizophrenia. For example, a team of researchers from the University of California, San Francisco used MRI to study the brains of people with depression and found that certain brain circuits were overactive, leading to negative thoughts and emotions. This discovery could pave the way for new, targeted treatments for depression. Another study, led by Dr. Martha Shenton of Harvard Medical School, used MRI to analyze the brains of people with schizophrenia. They found that certain brain regions were smaller in those with the condition, suggesting that the disease affects brain development and structure. But MRI isn't just for researchers. Doctors also use this technology to diagnose and treat a variety of conditions. For example, an MRI can help detect brain tumors, identify the cause of seizures, and monitor the progress of multiple sclerosis. By delving into the exciting world of MRI and neuroscience, you can gain a better understanding of how the brain works and the potential impact of this technology on our health and wellbeing.

A study of rockfish longevity has revealed a set of genes controlling their aging process, leading to the discovery of a previously unappreciated group of genes associated with extended lifespan in humans. The findings show that the same pathways that promote longevity in rockfish also promote longevity in humans. The study identified two major metabolic systems that regulate lifespan in rockfish: the insulin-signaling pathway, which prior research has shown plays a major role in regulating the lifespan of many different animals, and the previously unappreciated flavonoid metabolism pathway. These results provide insights into how to prevent or delay common human diseases of old age.

Did you know that spending just a few weeks in space can lead to a 20% loss of muscle mass? That's because in microgravity, astronauts don't need to use their muscles as much to stay upright or move around. This lack of exercise leads to a breakdown in muscle tissue and a loss of strength. But it's not just astronauts who are affected by muscle degradation. People on bed rest, those with certain medical conditions, and even the elderly can experience a loss of muscle mass and function. So what's happening on a cellular level? When muscles aren't used, they begin to break down proteins for energy. This process, called protein degradation, can lead to the loss of muscle mass and function. But don't worry, researchers are working hard to find ways to combat muscle degradation in space and on Earth. One approach is to use exercise machines that simulate gravity, which have been shown to maintain muscle mass in astronauts. Other research has focused on using drugs to block the protein degradation process and promote muscle growth. Leading academics in the field of muscle degradation include Dr. Robert Fitts, a professor of biology at Marquette University, who has researched the effects of microgravity on muscle mass and function. Dr. Lori Ploutz-Snyder, a professor at the University of Michigan, has also studied muscle atrophy and is working on developing exercise programs to prevent it. Overall, muscle degradation is a serious concern for both astronauts and people on Earth. By learning more about the causes and potential solutions, we can work towards maintaining healthy muscles and preventing muscle loss.

Alzheimer's disease is a debilitating and progressive brain disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is a leading cause of dementia, which causes memory loss, difficulty in thinking, and other cognitive and behavioral problems. This write-up aims to provide high school students with a comprehensive overview of Alzheimer's, its global challenges, and innovations that can help us better understand and manage this disease. Alzheimer's disease affects approximately 50 million people worldwide, and this number is projected to triple by 2050. It is a significant health challenge that not only affects individuals but also their families and caregivers. Alzheimer's can lead to a reduced quality of life, an increased risk of mortality, and significant healthcare costs. However, innovative research is helping to unlock the mysteries of this disease, leading to promising treatments and interventions. One of the most exciting innovations in Alzheimer's research is the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning. These technologies can help identify individuals at high risk for Alzheimer's disease, predict disease progression, and develop personalized treatments. Researchers are also exploring the use of stem cells, gene editing, and immunotherapy to treat Alzheimer's disease. Many prominent researchers and academics have contributed significantly to Alzheimer's research. For example, Dr. Atri is a leading expert in the field of cognitive and memory disorders. His research focuses on identifying cognitive and biomarker changes that predict Alzheimer's disease progression. Dr. Bredesen is another prominent researcher who has developed a comprehensive program to prevent and reverse cognitive decline. Alzheimer's disease is a complex and challenging topic, but with innovative research and a commitment to learning, we can better understand and manage this disease. By exploring academic topics related to Alzheimer's, high school students can gain valuable knowledge and make a meaningful impact on this important issue.

Childhood cancer is a devastating disease that affects thousands of children every year. However, as cancer is more likely to occur in adults rather than children, research on childhood cancer is often underfunded, leading to fewer treatment options and lower survival rates. One of the biggest challenges in treating childhood cancer is the risk of long-term side effects from chemotherapy and radiation. These treatments can cause developmental delays, learning disabilities, and even secondary cancers later in life. As a result, new treatment strategies are being developed to minimize these risks. One of the most promising new approaches is immunotherapy, a type of treatment that harnesses the power of the immune system to attack cancer cells. CAR T-cell therapy, in which T-cells are genetically engineered to recognize and attack cancer cells, has shown particularly promising results in clinical trials. Another challenge in treating childhood cancer is the lack of targeted therapies. Unlike adult cancers, childhood cancers often have no known driver mutations that can be targeted with precision medicine. Researchers are working to identify new drug targets and develop new treatments that can attack cancer cells while sparing healthy cells. Dr. Kimberly Stegmaier, an oncologist and researcher at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, is one of the leading experts in childhood cancer research. She and her team are working to identify new drug targets and develop targeted therapies for childhood cancers. They are also studying the genetic and molecular characteristics of childhood cancers to better understand how they develop and how they can be treated. In conclusion, childhood cancer presents unique challenges that require innovative solutions. While underfunded research and the lack of targeted therapies have made progress difficult, recent developments in immunotherapy, such as CAR T-cell therapy, show promising results. As we continue to fight for a cure, let us also remember the children and families affected by this disease and strive to support them in any way we can.

Are you fascinated by the human heart and its complex workings? Do you want to be at the forefront of medical research and innovation? Then studying cardiology could be the perfect fit for you! Cardiology is the study of the heart and its functions, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases. It's a field that combines biology, physics, and medicine to understand the intricate mechanisms of the heart and how they affect our overall health. One of the most exciting aspects of cardiology is the potential for innovation and discovery. Researchers in this field are constantly developing new treatments and technologies to improve patient outcomes. For example, recent breakthroughs in stem cell research have opened up new possibilities for repairing damaged heart tissue. Some of the most well-known figures in cardiology include Dr. Robert Califf, former Commissioner of the FDA and a leading expert in cardiovascular disease, and Dr. Valentin Fuster, a world-renowned cardiologist who has made significant contributions to the study of atherosclerosis. As an undergraduate student of cardiology, you'll typically take courses in anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and epidemiology, among others. You'll also have the opportunity to specialize in areas like electrophysiology, interventional cardiology, or cardiac imaging. After completing your degree, you'll be well-prepared for a range of careers in the healthcare industry. You could work as a cardiologist in a hospital or clinic, or pursue a career in medical research or medical device development. Some of the most popular employers in this field include the American Heart Association, Mayo Clinic, and the National Institutes of Health. To succeed in cardiology, you'll need to have a strong background in science and math, as well as excellent critical thinking and problem-solving skills. A passion for helping others and a desire to make a difference in people's lives are also key attributes for success in this field. So if you're ready to take on the challenge of studying the heart and its functions, consider a career in cardiology. Your work could help save lives and improve the health of people around the world!